JK 251 
.T527 



2£ 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 
©|ap. ©op?rig]^i lo, 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



A SCHOOL MANUAl^ 



or 



GOVKRiNMKNa 



N 'VmK, 



UNITF:!) SXAXICiS, 



KOK THIC LTHE OK 



GRAMMAR SCMGOUS. 



By M. L.d AND G. GUILLAUMH THUMMHL. 



ST. LOUIS: 
PUBLISHKO HY THK AUTHORS. 

1894. 






TO MY 
ESTEEMED 

Friend and teacher, 
PROFESSOR F. LOUIS SOLDAN, 

THIS WORK IS 
RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED. 

C. G. T. 



COPYRIGHT 1893. 
By M. L. G. and C. G. THUMMEL. 



INDRX. 



ini)f:x. 



PAOfc 

A ronjrrcHH, tiifrinltiK of 3W 

A«rl.l«MitfiI mlHchlcf !»« 

AcroiiiplU'PM 1 Ifl 

Arruwd rrrHonn, rijfht* <»f W2 

A(liiiliilMtr>itloti, rntiMlHiM of 45 

Afllnii, UH<> of 40 

A lllh/LHHIKlorM 41 

Appointment OfHper.of P.O. Dcpt. 71 

Arnon 11» 

Artl<loH toConBtltntlon IM 

AHHniilt .. UH 

Attalndor . S3 

Attorney (JentTnl. iiniilnirntiona. 

(liitloB 73 

Hall »B 

Hunk 61 

lUinkltiK K.VHtoin Bl-W 

IUll.«lenn.>.l .. M 

lUlIs. odKi»'»«<' ..24 

KIIIh, wnjM <»f iMH'uiiiinK lawn 26 

IMiiHphoiiiy 124 

MrllHT.v 122 

IhirenuH. Navy Dept 62 

Ilur^lary 119 

Cablnt't, nioinl>orH of 43 

Cabinet, lunv Beleeted 44 

Ciiblnet OnieerH. tty whom npp't'd 7S 

Cadets, qualUleutlouB of 80 

Capital CrimeH 91 

Capitation Tftx 84 

CenwuH. fiO 

Charjre d" Affaires 4'J 

CltlzenH of United States, defined . 9S 

City Offleers 112 

City Superintendent of Schools . . 107 

Commlttet>8 of Houme of Kepn 27 

Conj;res« 17 

Conprens, met^tlnps of. memlwrs . . '2'2 
Congress, riuorum to do buslnewn 2.1 

Conjjrens. rules of proceedings 2:J 

Conjiress, ends 27 

Congress, powers of 27-32 

Congress, rt^wtrictlons on 32-35 

Congress, power over territory ... 86 
CongresBmen, salaries of U3 



Paqb 
Conicrpiwiinen, holdlDK oth««r ofTlrwi 34 
Constitution, function of H 

Constitution, objects of l.'i 

Ci>nHtitutlon, controls . lu 

Constitution, how amend«Ml H7 

CcitiHtltutlon.ami-ndmenta T«Hd k7 
Constitution, tiy whom supf>«»rtiHl. hm 
Constitution, nmendmentit Vi Wt 

Constitution. In full I'M 

r<ini»cleDce, frvrdoni f»f *<* 

Conspiracy i:JO 

Conaula fJ 

Consuls, dutie« of l.n 

Contempt of Court l.l* 

Conviction of Tn'osmi ... "vl 

Coroner, <lutles of Ill 

County, deflnwl. ofnerni 169 

County-house (or poor bouae) . . 1 10 

C.iunty Trrnjiurpr Ill 

C«>unterfeltlng l.'i 

Court. Supreme ^-' 

Court, Probate. Federni 96 

Crime 114 

Crimes, elements of 115 

Crimes, classinetl 117-135 

Crlnies. how tried 82 

Criminal ^^. 

Criminal Law 114 

Crlndnnl, proceed u re ago! Dst .... 115 

Crindnnllty of an act 115 

I>ix«laratlon of Independence ... 127 

Department of State 45 

head of the department 45 

his duties 46 47 

his authority 4h 

Department of the Tn^naury . . 4^ 
duties of See. of Treasury ... 50 

Department of War 56 

dutii^ of Secretary of War .'*-*V« 

otflt-ers under 5^ 

where trained 59 

Department of the Navy 62 

duties of Secretary ot Navy 62-63 

llureaus 62-63 

officers, grades of 64 



INDEX. 



Page 
Department of the Navy, officers, 

training of 64 

students, qualifications of . . .64-65 

Department of the Interior 67 

duties of See. of Interior 67 

Department of Agriculture 75 

duties of Sec. of Agriculture. .75-77 

report obtainable 77 

Divisions of P. O. Department 71 

Districts, j udicial 75 

Drunkenness 117 

Duties, imposts, etc 28 

Electors, how chosen 36 

number of Electors 37 

Electoral College 37 

Electoral votes 38 

EHgibility to Presidency 38 

Equity 81 

Executive Department 36 

persons employed 36 

chief executive, Vice-President. 36 

Executive officers 41 

Ex-post facto 33 

Extortion 122 

Felony 115 

Fine 95 

Freedom of conscience 89 

Freedom of the press 89 

Gambling '. 120 

Government, kinds 9 

Government of U. S., consists 10 

receives power from 10 

distinction between U. S. and 

State 11 

duties of 11 

how maintained 12 

how supported 28-29 

earliest form 9 

how divided 12 

Governor, of a State, duties of . . . 101 

power of 102 

veto power 103 

Great Seal of United States 46 

Habeas corpus 33 

House of Representatives 17 

election of officers 18 

Idiot .' 116 



Page 

Ignorance of law 116 

Indictment 94 

Indictment, crimes prosecuted b' . 125 

Insanity (effect on crime) 117 

Imprisonment (false) 118 

Impeachment, sole power 19 

tried by which house 21 

number necessary to convict . . 21 

penalty, liable to trial 21-22 

Judgment 97 

Judicial Department 79 

object of, power vested 79 

judges, hold office, salaries ... 79 

judicial power extends 80 

Jurisdiction, original 81 

of Supreme Court 81 

of Appellate Court 81-82 

Jury cases 92 

Jury, defined, kinds 93 

Jury, Grand 93 

Jury, Petit 94-95 

Kidnaping 118 

Land Survey 69 

Larceny 119 

Law, kinds 13 

Law, result of, supreme, agrees. . . 14 

Libel 121 

Lien, mechanic's 97 

Lieutenant-Governor 103 

Limitation on Pres. and V. Pres. . 37 

Limitation on duties 28 

Lottery 121 

Maintenance 123 

Manslaughter 118 

Marque and Reprisal 30 

Marshals (U. S.) 73 

Meteorological Bureau 78 

Midshipmen 64 

Military Academy : 59 

purposes of 59 

students, branches 59 

Ministers plenipotentiary and res- 
ident 42 

Mints,[locations, business, officers, 55 

Mints, report, coining 55-56 

Misdemeanor 115 

Misprision of felony 123 



INDEX. 



.5 







Paob 


MlHprtfiton of troajinn . 




117 


Monarchy. ahniilut/>. limlt^Mi 


. 10 


Mom-y OriliT 




7i 


Munlor 




118 


Nnturallzatloii . . 




20 


Naval A«'ailfiiiy 




01 


Naval OI.M.r\at..rv 




66 


Nulsann 




121 


OfitJi 




123 


()l)taliilii); K<*'*<i** '*y 'hIho 


protj'rnTH 120 


()fIlc«THurid«'r I'n-Mlilciit 




41 


OflloTH. Ill army . 




. 50 


OflWNTH. In navy 




«4 



Ofllc-eof F«)r.>lKii Malls 72 

OfllroH «)f CnlilrM't (Mlicrn 7x 

OnhTB, rcsoluUonM. voU-h . . 26 

OwnerHbip of property Il» 

rcnsion 67 

Perjury 12:i 

PernnnH diRquallflod from hnlillnfc 

offlri" ON 

rnpulatlon of UnltcMl Staten . 6» 

IN»Htma8ter General 70 

rort nf Kntry. 1.1 

IN)«iT. Htii)nMno, reaia, how. . 11-12 

rowor, lo)j:iHlatlve 12 

exerutlvp 12 

judicial 12 

lojTiHlatlve vented .17 

rrcHident of V. S.. election of .. . 38 

cjnallflcatlonH of 89 

Halary. oath o( office. ... . 40 

authority 40 

ofhcore appointed by 41 

I'reHldency. o|)en to whom ... .IS 

vacancy in .TO 

Hucct^sslon to .in 

Private houses, when searched. . 90 

Private proin-rty, when taken 91 

Public Schools 106-10" 

Punishment. 124 

Uellplous teet sr. 

Republic. . 10 

Uepresentntivos. how chosen 17 

Representatives. «iuallficntlon8 of. 17 

number vacancies flUeil is 

Requisition 85 



Re«tr1ctloiu OD Statn 

Revenue ... 

Kiffbta of United States dtlcens 

Riot 

Robbery , 

Heeretary. defined 

Hecretary of Slate 

Secretary of the T^ra•u^^ 

Security 

Senate. enmiKMird. howchiNM-tt 

numl*er of votea. Taennrlew 

Pn-nldnnt of 
Scnatom. (|uall(icnttonN <> 
Senatorial elertlonN 
SherifT 

Signal .Servlee 
Slavery 
State, defloed 

government of ofBoera. 

Secretary 

Auditor 

Treanurrr 

Attomey-<»«'nornl 

8u|)erin ten dent of Schools. 

rnlverstties . 

fcovernmeot controls 

action . . 

cltliens. prlvllrtjen 

how admitted to Tnlon 

where not fornieil 

rights ^arnnteed 

protection (;uarantee<i 

Sub-divisions of .»itate . , 

SubTreasuri.'s 

Suits, civil, criminal 

Tariff, kinds of 
Taxee 
Town . 

Treaties 

Treason 

conx-lction of 

punishment, attainder . . 

Twict^ llal)le for offense 

Verdict 

Warrants, when issued 

Will 

Witaess, against self 



Paob 

98 
25 



US 

118 



.1 

. 10 

In. IS 



111 

Ol 

9s 

100 

100-101 

103 

104 

104 

. . 105 

...106 

.108 

. . ItM 

hi 



M 
M 

38 
12 

111 
41 
24 
83 
8S 
9 
»5 
90 

11.1 



6 PREFACE. 



PREFACE. 



Nowhere do men exist without a governing power, 
some person or persons in authority. The funda- 
mental law of nature demands a government ; man, 
of all animals, being the most dependent on the 
parent. During this period of dependence time and 
opportunity is afibrded for the development of habits 
of respect and obedience on one side, and authority 
and protection on the other. Government was in- 
stituted by God in the Garden of Eden, when he 
gave Adam and Eve dominion over every living 
thing. The first government recognized by man was 
parental or patriarchal. It began with our first 
parents .; it is in force to-day. 

The necessity of restraint on man during his period 
of dependence is patent to all, and the State seldom 
has occasion to restrain those of its citizens who 
have been reared where a kind but judicious hand 
is at the helm of the family government. 

The family, as a society, expands into groups of 
societies, developing into commxunities and states, 
always recognizing the necessity of a government. 



PREPACK. 



knowing that the prosperity and surress (tf a com- 
munity depends largely on the wisdom and jTistice 
of its laws and their just administration. 

The design of the present undertaking is to awaken 
in the minds of the rising generation, the future 
rulers of our country, an interest in its government. 
This, we believe, can be best acconij)lished by giv- 
ing theiji a thorough knowledge of what that gov- 
ernment is. We have not written a book ; we have 
merely collected from Bancroft, Blackstone, Kent, 
Bishop, Story, Bouvier, and others, that information 
most necessary toacijuaint the youth of our rountrj' 
with the advantages which, as American citizens, 
they derive from the constitution and laws of the 
United States. We have endeavored to adapt the 
work to the capacity of pupils in the grammar 
schools, and liave contined ourselves entirely to the 
American government. We do not burden their 
minds or tax their memories with what tcaSy but 
confine ourselves strictly to what w, and deal with 
American institutions only. 

In order to give as much information in as brief a 
space as jiossible, we have arranged it in accordance 
with the constitution, and divided it into questions 
and answers to facilit-ate its being memorized. As 
ignorance is not accepted as an excuse for crime, we 



8 PREFA(CB. 



have given that part of the penal code most com- 
monly violated. It has been said that, on most 
subjects, if you think differently from the average 
mind you think better. We go farther and assert 
that on most subjects if you think at all^ you do 
better than the average mind. If we can succeed 
in making the rising generation think about our 
government, the advantages derived from it and 
wherein it might be bettered, improvements will 
necessarily follow, and we shall have accomplished 
the desire of 

THE AUTHORS. 



St. Louis, Mo., November 15, 1893. 



"^^^^^^^ 



ITNITKI) STATE8 (iOVERNMKNT. 



A SCHOOL MANUAL 

OF 

Government in the United States, 



CHAPTER I. 

General Organization. 

1. What is government ( 

GovcrnnuMit is contrc^l by law excrciiscd 
over a country l>y its inli;il)it;nit:>. 

2. What was the earliest form of government? 
The Patriiirclml. 

3. Wliat was the Patriarchal form .' 

The Patriarchal form of povernment was 
that in which tlie ohlest male ancestor was 
the fountain of authority and intluence, exer- 
cising undelined control. 

4. What are the chief kinds of government of the 

present time ? 
Absohite Monarcliy. Limited Monarchy, 
and llcpublic. 



10 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

5. What is an Absolute Monarchy ? 

An Absolute Monarchy is that system of 
government in which the will of the ruler is 
the supreme law, there being no limitations 
on the exercise of his power. 

6. What is a Limited Monarchy ? 

A Limited Monarchy is that system of 
government wherein the ruler exercises his 
powers within legal limitations. 

7. What is a Republic ? 

A Eepublic is that system of government 
wherein the source of power is in the people, 
and the laws are framed and administered by 
their representatives. 

8. What kind of government has the United States ? 
The United States is a Eepublic. 

9. Of what does the government of the United 

States consist ? 

Of the President and all officers under his 
control, constituting the executive depart- 
ment; Congress, constituting the legislative 



UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. 1 1 

(le])aitinont, Jind tlie Courts of Justice, con- 
stituting tiie Judiciul departmont. 

10. Whence does the government receive its pow- 

ers? 

Tlie government receives its powers from 
the consent of tlie people, fonnulatcd in the 
constitution. 

11. What is the ditterence between the state (or 

people) and the government ? 
The "state" is the wliole ImmIv of ]>eople 
organized for the purpose of control: the 
"government'' is the instrumentality through 
and by which the laws ai-e luhninisteixxl. 

12. What are the duties of government i 

The duties of government ai-e to secure jus- 
tice to all the citizens: to i)romote the general 
welfare, and to defend the State. 

13. In whom does the supreme power rest ? 
The supreme ]>ower rests in the people. 

14. How does the supreme power rest in the people i 



12 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

The supreme power rests in the i:>eople as 
a body, not as separate individuals. 

15. How is the government maintained ? 

The government is maintained by means 
of taxes, duties, imposts and excises. 

16. By what authority are taxes, etc., levied? 
Under the authority of Congress. 

17. What are taxes ? 

Taxes are contributions of every kind re- 
quired by the government from its citizens 
for its support. 

18. How is the government of the United States 

divided ? 

Into three branches — the legislative, the 
executive, and the judicial. 

19. What is the legislative power ? 

The legislative power is tlie i)ower to make 
laws and to alter or repeal them. 

20. What is the executive power ? 

The executive power is the power which 



TTNITED 8TATK.S (;oVKKNM?:NT. l'-^ 

causes the laws to 1h' (»xeciiie<l and oIk^nxhI. 

2 1 . What is tlie j udicial power ? 

Tlie judicial power is the ])ower vestc<l in 
tlie courts to interpret and entorce the laws. 

22. What is law f 

Law is a, rule ol ri\il cniidiiri pirx-riUMJ 
I)v tlie goveriiintr power of the State. 

23. Wliat is necessary to give force to laws ? 

A law. to secure control, nuist Im accom- 
])anied by a ])enalty and a certainty that the 
penalty will Ih» inllicte<l. 

24. IIow many kinds of law are there ? 
Two; statute and couunon law. 

25. What is statute law t 

Law made bv the lei!:ishitive ImhIv is called 
statute law. 

26. What is common law? 

Common law is law which has Ix^n i^ecog- 
nized as right for a period of time so long 



14 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

that the memory of man runneth not to the 
contrary. 

27. What is tlie result of law ? 

Liberty is the result of wise and just laws 
faithfully executed. 

28. What is the supreme law in the American sys- 

tem of government? 

The constitution. 

29. What is the constitution ? 

The constitution is the fundamental law of 
the land. 

30. With what must all laws accord ? 

All laws must be in accordance with the 
constitution. 

31. What is the function of the constitution ? 
The function of the constitution is to de- 
termine the form of government and define 
its Y)owers. 

32. What are the six objects for which tlie consti- 

tution of the United States was ordained ? 



UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. 15 



(1) to form a moi'C ]>orfoot union; (2) to 
(istjil)lisli justices; ()^) to insui-e doniostie ti-an- 
(|uility; (1) to ])rovi(lo for tlie common dc- 
f(niso; (T)) to ]>romote tlie frcncnil wclfai-o: 
(()) to secuie the Mcssings (^f lil^erty to om*- 
sclves and our posterity. 

33. By and for whom was the ronstitution estab- 
lished? 

Tlie constitution of tlie I iiited Stat(N was 

established by and for the |)eo|)le. 

:M. What does tlie ronstitution control ? 

Tlie constitution C(mtrols the thi-ee depart- 
ments of government. 

35. What is a Port of Entry ? 

A Poi't of Enti-y is a ])hu'e wliei*e goods 
imi)orted into tliis country ai'C authoiized l)y 
laAV to be received, and wliere tlie (hities 
thereon are collected. 

36. What is the building called where those duties 

are paid ? 

The Uniteci States Custom House. 



16 



A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 




UNITKD STATES OOVKKNMENT. 17 

CHAPTER II. 

The Legislative Department. 

1. Tn what nm all legislative powers of the United 

States ve8te<I i 

All loj^islative powers aii' v< 'steel in ;i cnii- 
<!;i'css of tlie United Stiitcs. 

2. Of what does this congress consist ? 
Conposs consists of a Senate and House of 

Hei)rcsentative8. 

■l Of what is the House of Representatives com- 
posed ? 

Tlie House of l?o])ies(^ntatives is composed 

of nienihers clioson cvorv second year. 

4. By whom are representatives chosen? 
By the i)eople of the several States. 

5. How old must a representative be ? 

A 1-epresentative must l)e at least twenty - 
five years old. 

0. How long must he have been a citizen of the 
United States ? 

Seven years. 



18 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

7. Of wliat State must he be a citizen when 

elected? 

Of the State in which he is chosen. 

8. Upon what is the number of Representatives 

from each State based ? 

Upon the number of citizens. 

9. Are Territories represented in congress ? 
Each organized territory may send one 

delegate, who may sit in the House of Eep- 
resentatives, but have no vote. 

10. How are vacancies in the House of Represent- 

atives filled ? 
Allien vacancies happen in the number of 
representatives from any State, the executive 
authority thereof shall issue writs of election 
to fill such vacancies. 

11. Who is the executive authority of a State? 
The Governor. 

12. Who elects the officers of the House of Repre- 

sentatives ? 
The members of the House of Representa- 
tives choose all their officers. 



UNITED STATKS 00VERNMP:NT. TJ 

i:^ Wliat body has the sole power of impeach- 

IlK'Ilt i 

Th(5 J louse of Representatives hiis the sole 
power of iiii])e;K'lniieiit. 

14. What is meant by impearhment? 

To iiu])eaeh an officer is to aecuse liim (►f 
oilicial niisconduet. 

15. Of what is the Senate composed i 

The Senate is composed of two Senatoiis 
fioni eac^h Stjite. 

10. How are Senators rhosen i 

Senators are chosen by tlie legishituit) of 
each State. 

17. How long is the term of a Senator ( 

Six years, one-third of tlie nicnil)ers retir- 
inii; every two years. 

IS. How many votes has each Senator? 
One. 

19. How are vacancies in the Senate tilled? 

If vacancies in the Senate hajipen during 



20 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

the recess of the legislature of any State, the 
executive of the State may make temporary 
appointments until tlie next meeting of the 
legislature, which shall then fill such vacan- 
cies. 

20. How old must a Senator be ? 
At least thirty years old. 

21. How long must he have been a citizen of the 

United States ? 

Nine years. 

22. Of what State must he be a citizen when elected? 
Of that State from which he is chosen. 

23. Who is the President of the Senate ? 

The Vice-President of the United States. 

24. When may he vote ? 

He has no vote, unless the Senate be equally 
divided. 

25. Who shall choose the other oflScers of the 

Senate ? 

The Senate shall choose their other officers. 



UNITKI) STATES OOVEKNMKNT. 21 

and Jilso a tempoiarv president, in tlic ab- 
soiico of tlio A'icc-Picsidcnt of tlio I'nitcMl 
Stat<»s, or when lie l)Oconies President of the 
United States. 

2(>. Wliicli liouse has the power to try all impeach- 
ments i 

The Senate has tlie power to try all im- 

|)eachnients. 

'27. Who presides wlieii tJK' Pn^sideiit of tlie United 
States is tried for inipeaelinient { 

Tlie Cliief Justice of the United States. 

2S. What number is necessary t<^ convict ? 

The eoneurrence of two-thiixls of tlie meiii- 
bers present. 

29. Wliat penalties are intiicted in case of convic- 
tion I 

The party convicted shall 1x3 removed from 

ofHcc and forever disqualified to hold any office 

of honor, trust, or profit under the United 

States. 



22 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

30. Is a person so convicted liable to a trial for liis 

offense ? 

He is liable to a trial at law for his offense. 

31. By whom is the time, place and manner of 

holding elections for Senators and Represent- 
atives prescribed ? 

By the State legislature. 

32. May this be changed ? 
Congress may change it. 

33. How often shall Congress assemble ? 
At least once in every year. 

34. When shall this meeting be ? 

The meeting of Congress shall be on the 
first Monday in December, unless they shall, 
by law, appoint a different day. 

35. Who decides upon the elections, returns and 

qualifications of Senators and Representa- 
tives ? 

Each house shall be the judge of the elec- 
tions, returns, and qualifications of its own 
members. 



UNITED BTATKS OOVKRNMKNT. 2"^ 

:\0. Wliat constitutes a qnonim to do business? 
A iiiiijority of CJicli liousc. 

37. What })usine88 may a sniallnr number transact? 
Tlicy may adjoni'n iVoin day to day. and 

compel the attendance of al^scnt meinl)ci*s. 

38. Who determines the rules of proceedings i 
Kaeli liouse may determine tlie rules of its 

proceedings. 

39. Who punishes disorderly members ? 

Each house may i)unish its meml)ei*s for 
disorderly behavior. 

40. How may members be expelled ? 

Each house with the eoncuri-ence of two- 
thirds of its meml)ers may exi)el a meml>er. 

41. How are the sahiries of members of congress 

provided ? 
The salaries of Senators and ]k'i)resenta- 
tives are tixed by law. 

42. How are they paid i 

They are ])aid out of the ti*easury of the 
United States. 



24 A SCHOOL MAlSrUAL OF THE 

43. May members of congress be arrested during 

their attendance at a session of congress ? 
They are only subject to arrest for treason, 
felony, and breach of peace. 

44. What is treason ? 

Treason against the United States consists 
in levying war against them, or adhering to 
their enemies, giving them aid or comfort. 

45. What is felony? 

Any crime punishable by imprisonment in 
the penitentiary is a felony. 

46. May a Representative or Senator hold another 

office under the United States at the same 

time? 
No person holding any office under the 
United States shall be a member of either 
house during his continuance in office. 

47. What bills originate in the House of Repre- 

sentatives ? 
All bills for raising revenue originate in 
the House of Representatives. 



UNITKI) SIATKS GOVKKNMKNT. 25 

48. Wliat is revenue? 

Il(3vcniie is tlic inroiiio of tlie governiiient 
ju'isinj^ from tn\;it ion, (hit i(3s iind the ^s;lie of 
govoi'iiiiioiit st(K;ks jiiid lands. 

49. In liow many ways may a l)ill become a law if 
In three wiiys. 

50. What is the first way? 

Every bill wliicli lias passed tlie House of 
IJcpreseiitatives and llie Senate shall, l)efore 
it become «i law, Ym i)resentc<l to the Pix^sidcMit 
of the Vnited Stjites; if he u})i)rove, he signs 
it and it is a hiw. 

51. What is the second way ? 

If the Piesident docs not ai)i>rove, he shall 
return it, with his objections, to the house in 
which it shall have originated. 

52. What shall that house then do ? 

They shall i)rocccd to reconsider it: and if 
two-thirds of that house shall agree to ]\ass 
the bill it shall be sent, together with the ob- 
jections, to the other house. The other house 



26 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

shall reconsider it, and if approved by two- 
thirds of that house, it shall become a law. 

53. What is the third way in which a bill may be- 

come a law ? 

If the President does not return a bill 
within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it 
shall have been presented to him, it shall be- 
come a law. 

54. If congress has in the meantime adjourned 

shall it become a law ? 

If congress has in the meantime adjourned 
it shall not become a law. 

55. How are orders, resolutions and votes passed? 
Orders, resolutions and votes are passed 

according to the rules and limitations pre- 
scribed in the case of a bill. 

56. What is a bill ? 

A bill is the draft of a law submitted to 
the consideration of a legislative body for its 
adoption. 



UNITKI) STATES OOVKKNMKNT. 27 

57. What is meant by the term " a congress < " 
Tlic tenn '*;i (•()n,c!:ress"' moans tlic ImmIv ot 

SeiiJitors and Representatives li()l(linj^ olliee 
(luring any one iei)resenlative term of two 
years. 

58. When does each congress end ? 

Eaeli congress ends at n(X)n of the fourth 
of Mai'cli, next sueeeeding the l)eginning of 
its second reguhir session. 

59. Wlio appoints the committees in the House of 

Representatives i 

Tlie Speaker in the House of Kei)resenta- 
tives a])i)oints tlie committees. 

60. Who appoints the committees in the Senate ? 
The Senate ai)points its own committees. 

61. What are the powers of congress ? 

The congress shall have ])ower: (Ij To lay 
and collect tiixes, duties, imposts and excises, 
and to pay the deht^s and provide for the 
connnon defense and general welfare of the 
United States 



28 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

62. What limitation is placed on all duties, imposts 

and excises ? 

They shall be uniform throughout the United 
States. 

63. What are duties, imposts, and excises ? 
Duties, imposts, and excises, are charges 

laid on imported goods or merchandise. 

64. How many kinds of tariff are there ? 

Two ; protective tariff, and revenue tariff. 

65. What is a protective tariff? 

A protective tariff is a tax on foreign com- 
modities sufficiently high to prevent competi- 
tion with home products. 

66. What is a revenue tariff? 

A revenue tariff is a tax on imports solely 
for the support of the government. 

67. Is this the only support of the government ? 
The United States government receives its 

support: (1) from duties on imported goods; 



IJNITKD RTATEfl OOVKRNMKNT. 29 

(2) from intornjil rcivonuo tux: (*^) from post- 
age; (1) IVoiii publico lands. 

(2) 'VUv conirress sliall liavc ]K)wer to l>or- 
row money on the creditor the I'nited SUites. 

[l]) The eon<j;ress sliall have ]>o\ver to i-eg- 
uhde eommei'cc with foreifrn nations, and 
among the several States, and with the Indian 
tribes. 

(1) The congress shall have power to estab- 
lish a uniform rule of natui-alization, and uni- 
form laws on tlu^ subject of b:nikrupteies 
throughout the United States. 

68. What is naturalization ? 

Naturalization is the i>rocess by which a 
foreign-born i)erson becomes a citizen. 

(o) The congi'css shall have ])ower to coin 
mcniey, regulate the value thereof and of for- 
eign coin, and iix the standard of weighfcs 
and measures. 

(G) The congress shall have power to pro- 
vide for the punishment of counterfeiting the 



30 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

securities and current coin of the United 
States. 

(7) The congress shall have power to es- 
tablish post-offices and post-roads. 

(8) The congress shall have power to pro- 
mote the progress of science and the useful 
arts, by securing for limited times to authors 
and inventors the exclusive right to their 
respective writings and discoveries. 

(9) The congress shall have power to con- 
stitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court. 

(10) The congress shall have power to de- 
line and punish piracies and felonies com- 
mitted on the high seas, and offenses against 
the law of nations. 

(11) The congress shall have power to de- 
clare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, 
and make rules concerning captures on land 
and water. 

69. What is a letter of marque and reprisal ? 
A letter of marque and reprisal is a com- 



UNITKI) STATES OOVKKNMKNT. 31 

mission f^ninted l)y tlie government to a ])ri- 
vjite individual to take the ])i-opeity of ji 
f()iei<rn State, oi* its snhjeets, as a n^j^aration 
foi' an injury connnitt^d 1»y sueli State or it^ 

subjects. 

(12) Tlie congress sliall liave ])ower to raise 
and support ainiies, but no apj^ropriation of 
money to tliat use sliall l>e for a longer term 
than two years. 

(13) The congress shall have i)0\v('itn i»r«»- 
vide and maintain a navy. 

(II) The congress shall have i)ower to make 
rules for the. goveinment and reguhition of 
land and naval forces. 

(LI) The congress shall have jiower to j^ro- 
vide for callinii: forth the militia to execute the 
laws of the Union, supi)ress insuri*ectious and 
repel invasions. 

(16) The eongi'ess shall have power to pro- 
vide for organizing, arming and discijdining 
the militia, and for governing such part of 
them a^i may he employai in the service of 



32 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

the United States, reserving to the States 
respectively the appointment of officers and 
the authority of training the militia accord- 
ing to the discipline prescribed by congress. 

(17) The congress shall have power to ex- 
ercise exclusive legislation in all cases what- 
soever over such district (not exceeding ten 
miles square) as may, by cession of particular 
States and the acceptance of congress, be- 
come the seat of government of the United 
States, and to exercise like authority over all 
places purchased by the consent of the legis- 
lature of the State in which the same shall be, 
for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, 
dock-yards and other needful buildings. 

(18) The congress shall have power to make 
all laws which shall be necessary and proper 
for carrying into execution the foregoing 
powers, and all other powers vested by the 
constitution in the government of the United 
States, or in any department, or office thereof. 

70. What are the restrictions placed upon congress ? 
(1) The privilege of the writ of "habeas 



UNITED STATES OOVEKNMKNT. 33 

corpus'' slijill not be susj)cn(k'(l unless, when 
in eases of i-elx'llion oi* invasion the jaiblic 
safety may rcwiuin' it. 

71. What is meant by " habeas corpus ( *' 

A writ of liahcas corpus is a writ prranted by 
a court, at tlic instance of a peison (h^prival 
of liis liberty, to ])revent tlie continuance of 

any unhnvfiil l•c^traint ov imprisonnient. 

(2) No bill of attainder or ex-post facto 
law shall be ])assc(l. 

72. What is attainder i 

AtU\uu\vv is that extinction of civil ri.irhts 
and capacitiiN whicli take^ phice whenevci- a 
pei'son who has connnittcd tieason or fekaiy 
receives sentence of death for his crime. 

73. What is an ex-post facto law ? 

An ex-post facto law is one which would 
render an act punishable in a manner in 
which it was not punishable when committed. 

(3) No eapitation or other direet tax shall 
be hiid unless in propoition to the census. 



34 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

74. What is capitation tax ? 

Capitation tax is a tax levied yearly upon 
each male person. 

(4) No tax or duty shall be laid on articles 
exported from any State, 

(5) No preference shall be given by any 
regulation of commerce or revenue to the 
parts of one State over those of another. 

(6) Vessels bound to or from one State shall 
not be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties 
in another. 

(7) No money shall be drawn from the 
treasurer unless by law; and a regular ac- 
count of the receipts and expenditures of all 
public money shall be published from time to 
time. 

(8) No title of nobility shall be granted 
by the United States. 

(9) No public officer of the United States 
shall receive any present or title from any 
foreign State or person without the consent 
of congress. 



UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. 



36 



X 




Tin: winTi: lioLsi:, wasiiinoton, v 



36 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

CHAPTER III. 
The Executive Department. 

1. How many persons are employed in the Execu- 

tive Department ? 

About one hundred thousand. 

2. Who is the Chief Executive of the United States ? 
The President. 

B. How long shall he hold office ? 

Four years. 

4. How long is the term of the Vice-President ? 
The same as that of the President. 

5. Who votes for the President ? 
The Electors. 

6. What is an elector ? 

An Elector is one who has been appointed 
to choose or elect the President of tlie United 
States. 

7. How are the electors chosen ? 

The people assemble on the first Tuesday 
after the first Monday in November, preceding 



UNITKD STATKS OOVKUNMKNT. 37 



the dose of a prcsidcntiiil term, jiimI vote for 
the electors. 

8. What are the electors in each State called '{ 
The Electoral College. 

'.). When does the Electoral College meet ( 

They iiKvt on the first W(Mlnes(ljiy in 
])ccenil)er lollowini^ their ehrtion, in tiieir i*e- 
spective St4ites, jind V()te by ballot for a ]*i*cs- 
ident nnd Vice-l^c^idcnt. 

10. How iiian}^ members compose the Electoral 

College of each State ? 
Each State has as many Presidential Elect- 
ors as it hius Senators and Keprescntiitivcs. 

11. What limitation is placed on choosing the 

President and Vice-President ? 

They cannot both be residents of the same 
SUite. 

12. What do the electors do with their votes? 
They eonnt, certify and seal tlieir votes, 

and send the sealed i)ackage by a messenger 



38 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF TIIP] 

to the President of the United States Senate. 

13. What is then done? 

On the second Wednesday in tlie February 
following the members of the Senate and 
House of Representatives assemble together, 
the packages are opened, and the votes 
counted in their presence, and the result is 
officially proclaimed. (This is now but a 
form; the President and Vice-President are 
virtually determined by the people in Novem- 
ber.) 

The person receiving the greatest number 
of votes for President, if a majority of all the 
votes cast, shall then be President; and like- 
wise with tlie Vice-President. If no one re- 
ceives a majority, the House of Representa- 
tives elects a President, and the Senate elects 
the Vice-President. 

14. Who shall be eligible to the office of President ? 

No person excej)t a natural born citizen 
shall be eligible to the office of President. 



TTNITKD STATKS OOVPIKNMENT. H9 

15. To what af^o must the President liaro attained ? 
To tlie ii^e of thirty-live years. 

IC). llow long must he have lived within the United 
States if 

Foiirtoon y(\*irs. 

17. Ill case of a vacancy in the Presidency wlio 

sliall become President? 
TIic A'ice-Presideiit. 

18. How may a vacancy in the Presidency occnr^ 

]W the removal of the President from olliec. 
Ills (U'atlu resignation, or imilMlitv to dis- 
eharge the duties of otliee. 

19. In case of vacancy in the Presidency and Vice- 

Presidency who shall till the offices ? 
In ease of a vaeaney in tlie Presideney 
and A^iee-Piesidenev the eongress slialK bv 
law, a|)])oint oltieers to fill such vacancies 
until a President be elected. 

(l^y a recent enactment of congress, the 
cabinet otiicers in regular order succeed to the 
Presidency after the A^ice-President). 



40 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF TUP: 

20. May the Pre^dent's salary be changed during 

his term of office ? 
It can neither be increased nor diminished 
during his term of office. 

21. What is the President's salary ? 

Fifty tliousand dollars a year, together with 
-the use of the White House. 

22. What is the President's oath of office ? 

I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will 
faithfully execute the office of President of the 
United States, and will, to the best of my 
ability, preserve, protect, and defend the con- 
stitution of the United States. 

23. Why is the word " affirm " also used ? 

The word "affirm" was added for the ben- 
efit of the Quakers and Shakers who are 
opposed to swearing. 

24. What authority has the President over the 

United States army and navy and State 
militia? 
The President shall be commander-in-chief 



TTNTTKD 8TATKS OOVEKNMKNT. 41 

of tlio Jinny and navy of the United States, 
and of the militia of the several States when 
called into the actual service of the United 
States. 

25. What autliority has the President to make 
treaties '( 
The President shall have |H>\vrr, by and 
with the advice and consent of the Senate, to 
make treaties, provided two-thirds of the 
Senators present concur. 

20. Name the officers appointed h}^ the President? 

(1) Justices of the Supreme and inferior 
United States Courts. 

(2) Ambassadors. 

(3) Alini^ters Plenipotentiary. 

(4) Resident Ministers. 
(o) Charge d' Affaires. 

(6) Consul*. 

(7) The Cabinet. 

27. What are Ambassadors ? 

Ambassadors are the highest grade of otfi- 



42 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF TITE 



cials representing this government at foreign 
countries. 

28. What are Ministers Plenipotentiary ? 

Ministers Plenipotentiary are ministers sent 
by the United States to reside in a foreign 
country with full power to act for the govern- 
ment. 

29. What are Resident Ministers ? 

Resident Ministers are ministers sent to 
countries of less importance and receive less 
salaries. 

30. What are Charge d' Affaires ? 

Charge d 'Affaires ai'e the lowest grade of 
ministers, and have very little authority, ex- 
cept when acting in the j)lace of a minister. 

31. What are Consuls ? 

Consuls are agents appointed by the gov- 
ernment to reside at foreign sea-ports, and 
conmiissioned to watch over the commercial 
rights of the nation sending them. 



UNITED STATES OOVKHNMEM 48 



:*)2. Njime some of the duties of American Consuls ? 

(I ) Tlicy take cliar^c of llic estate of any 
AiiK^'icaii (lyiii.i^ jiIu'ojmI wlicn scttlcincnt is 
not ])rovi(l(Ml for. 

(2j Tlioy liave charge of transfers of ]»ro|)- 
erty made l>y Americans residing abroad. 

(II) They kc^ep records ()t* all vessels enter- 
ing tlieir ports, tlie nunilKjr of seamen, etc. 

(li) Tliey |)i-otc('t the rii:iits of American 
seamen. 

(;■)) Tlicy make animal i-eports of the i)ro- 
dnctioiis of the inliahiUmts of the country 
to which they are sent. 

81^. Niune the members of the Cabinet? 

(1) Tlie SecretaiT of State. 

(2) The Secretary of the Trciisury. 
(8) Tlie Secretary of War. 

( t) The Secretary of the Na\y. 
(5) The Secretary of the Interior. 



44 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

(6) Tlie Attorney-General. 

(7) Tlie Postmaster-Greneral. 

(8) The Secretary of Agriculture. 

34. What is meant by the word Secretary as a 

member of the Cabinet? 

The Secretary is an officer whose business 
is to superintend and manage a department. 

35. What aid does the President receive from his 

Cabinet? 

He arranges the conduct of public affairs 
through the reports of these officers. 

36. From whom are the Cabinet selected ? 

They are selected from among those who 
are supposed to be especially adapted, by ex- 
perience, acquirements and capacity, for the 
especial position, as well as in harmony with 
the general policy adopted by the President. 

37. What are the Cabinet officers to the President ? 
They are his advisers. 



INriKI) RTATKS GOVERNMENT. 45 



'\H. What are the President and Cabinet called { 
Tlio Administration. 

39. What is the first department in the Cabinet? 
Tlic l)ei)jirtinent of St^ito. 

40. Wlio is tlie head of this dfpanm.iii ( 
The Soc.'i'ctjn y of Stiite. 

41.. Wliat is the business of tlie Secretary of State ( 
Tli(^ Seci'C'taiT of Stat(; Jittonds io oiii- rela- 
tions with fV)reign countries. 

42. liy wlioin is hv nidiMl? 

By an Assistant Secretary appointed in the same 
manner as liimself. 

!'■{. How art' \\w vari«)iis siili dlliirrs !i|>|nMiif«M| '.' 

By the Secretiiry. 

44. What is tlio hnslncss of this (IcpMrtiiirnt in !i«jrnnl to for- 
«M^n countries? 

This (h'partment has cliarixe of sucli l)u>iiic.ss ms 
may arise betwciMi tliis government and I he govern- 
ment of other countries. 

1"). What is in tho kivpinp; of the .^'crctai y oi Mat.-? 

The Great Seal of the United States. 



46 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

46. What is the Great Seal? 

It is the seal which the Secretary of State is re- 
quired by law to affix to all commissions given to 
officers of the United States who are appointed by 
the President and Senate or by the Senate alone. 

47. What are the duties of the Secretary of State under the 

supervision of the President? 

(1) To conduct the correspondence with and give 
instructions to the foreign ministers, consuls and 
agents of the government abroad. 

(2) To take charge of the official business and 
intercourse of the government with the representa- 
tives of foreign governments sent to us. 

(3) To attend to such other business arising from 
our foreign relations as shall be committed to him 
by the President. 

48. What papers must the Secretary of State keep in his office ? 

He must keep original copies of all acts, resolu- 
tions and orders of Congress. 

49. What must he deliver to each Senator and Representative 

in Congress and the Governor of each State? 

A copy of all acts, resolutions and orders of Con- 
gress. 



UNITED STATK8 GOVKKNMKNT. 47 

50. What further duty htm ho during the semion of CongrBse? 
H(^ must i)ublis]i the acts and resolutions passed 

by it, in one newspaper in tlie District of Columbia, 
and not more than two in each State and Territory 
in the United States. 

51. What othiT d(Miini<'nts iniist tho .S-tin-tary of SUite publUih? 

He must also i)u])lis]i, in like manner, all amend- 
ments of the constitution and all public treaties 
made and ratified between the United States and 
any foreign State, })rovince, power or any of the 
Indian tribes. 

52. What duty han In* (n iMifniin at the ch)He of I'och neHHion 

of Ck)ngrcH8? 

He must cause to be published 11,000 copies, in 
book form, of all the laws, and distribute them as 
directed by hiw to the Presi(h'nt, Vice-President, 
and every ex-President, all members of the con- 
ij^ress, and to all imjH)rtant officers of the govern- 
ment at home or abroad. 

njl. Wh.v is li(» nMiuinnl to do this? 

In order that all in the government employ may 
know what the laws are, and what changes have 
b(HMi made. 



48 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 



54. What doos the Secretary of State give to each of our citi- 

zens going abroad? 

A passport to travel in foreign countries. 

55. What duty has he in regard to vessels? 

It is the duty of the Secretary of State to prepare 
a form of passport for the vessels of the United 
States. 

56. What authority has the Secretary of State in the execution 

of extradition treaties between the United States and 
foreign governments? 

He has authority, UMder his hand and seal of 
office, to issue an order for the rendition of any per- 
son who has been found guilty of crime in a foreign 
country to any properly authorized person, that such 
person may be taken out of the United States to the 
country where the crime was committed. 

57. What is the second department ? 

The Department of the Treasury. 

58. Who is at the head of this department ? 

The Secretary of the Treasury. 



UNITED 8TATK8 OOVERNMKNT. 



49 




THE U. 8. TREA8UUY BUILDING, WASHINGTON, U. C. 



50 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

59. What is the business of the Secretary of the 

Treasury ? 

The Secretary of the Treasury attends to 
the finances of the country. 

60. Has he an assistant? 

He is aided by an Assistant Secretary, a First and 
Second Comptroller, five Auditors, a Treasurer, a 
Commissioner of Customs, a Comptroller of Cur- 
rency and his deputy, and a Solicitor of the Treasury. 

61. Are there any sub-treasuries? 

In several of the large cities there is a sub-treas- 
ury, presided over by an Assistant Treasurer. 

62. What are the purposes of the sub-treasuries? 

The purposes of the sub-treasuries are to receive 
and disburse the public funds. 

63. How arc the moneys of the United States disbursed? 
Every account must be carefully examined and 

approved before it can be paid. 

64. What is required of all officers handling pubHc funds? 

All officers handling public funds are required 
by law to give security for the faithful discharge of 
their duties. 



UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. 51 



05. What iH monnt by fdviug Hecurity? 

Security is anything dc^posited U) seriire tin* pay- 
ment of ;i (l«'l>t (ir IIm' )nTrnriiijinr«' of a contract. 

(i(>. Wlmt is iin-.iiil li.v pnlilir liiiMlrtV 

Public nionry. 

()7. What in a hank? 

A bank is an institution, generally incorporated, 
authorized to receive dei)osits of money, to lend 
money and to issue bank notes, or perfonu any one 

of tlirse functions. 

OS. When wan tlic pnHiit Init^Hl Stat^'H bnnkinff Byptom wtnb- 
linhcd ? 

The present system of United States banks was 
established by an act of congress in 1863. 

00. How aro l)ank8 mannpisl? 

They are managed by private parties and cor^x)- 
rations, apart from the government, but under its 
supervision and by its authority. 

70. How many persons are necossary to pondurt a bank? 

By that act of congress any number of persons, 
not less than iive, may associate themselves together 
for the purpose of banking. 



52 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

71. What conditions are imposed upon them? 

They must, under tlieir hands and seals, make a 
certificate which shall specify : (1) the name assumed 
by such association ; (2) the place where its busi- 
ness is to be conducted ; (3) the amount of its capi- 
tal stock (which must not be less than $50,000); 
(4) the number of its shares ; (5) the names of its 
shareholders and the number of shares held by 
each; (6) the time when such association shall 
commence business ; (7) the declaration that said 
certificate is made to enable such persons to avail 
themselves of the advantages of this act. 

72. What must be done with this certificate? 

This certificate must be properly acknowledged 
before some competent person and sent to the Comp- 
troller of Currency in the Treasury Department, to 
be recorded and kept by him, 

73. What does the Comptroller then do? 

The Comptroller of the Currency gives them a 
certificate, under his hand and official seal, to that 
eflect, and they are authorized to commence busi- 
ness. This constitutes the association a corpora- 
tion. 

74. What right does this give them? 

This gives them the right to make and use a com- 



UNITKD STATES GOVEKNMKNT. 53 

mon H(»al, and liavc» all tlie rights and he liable to 
all the responsibiliri''^ of ordinary legalized corpo- 
rations. 

75, How fur iH each Hhan'-holdrr liahh- ixTKonnlly ? 

Each share-holder is made i)ersonally liable for 
the debts of the association or bank to the amount 
of the par valu<' of his stock. 

7(). What must liny do in or(l«T to inmirc tho holdcrn of tin* 
billH iHHUcd by thew bunkn? 

They must deposit, with \hr Ir^'asunT of tlie 
United States, United States bonds bearing interest 
to an amount not less than one- third of the capital 
stock paid in. 

77. What dors the bank tlun nti-ivc froia tin* C'oniptrt)ll«T of 

Currency ? 

The Comi)t roller of Currency then issues to the 
bank an amount of bank notes equal to the amount 
of bonds thus deposited, less 10 ])er cent. 

78. \\y whom nro thi^sc bonds kept ".' 

These bonds are kept by the Treasurer of the 
United States. 

71). Why aiv thpst> bonds krjit by tho Treasurer of tho Initod 
States ? 

In case the bank should fail to redeem its cii-- 



54 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

culating bills, its bonds are sold, and with the pro- 
ceeds the Comptroller of the Currency redeems 
them, or orders them to be paid at the United States 
Treasury. 

80. When does the United States have complete control over 

the notes issued by the corporation? 

The bonds held by the Treasurer as security for 
the redemption of the bills issued by the association 
must be transferred to him in trust, thus giving him 
entire control of them in case it becomes necessary 
to sell them in order to redeem the bills of any as- 
sociation which may have failed to pay them on 
demand. 

81. What was the result of this act of congress on the bank- 

ing system? 

Nearly all banks conduct their business under 
this system, so that we have a nearly uniform sys- 
tem of banking all over the United States. 

82. Are the bills of these banks recognized everywhere? 

The bills of the banks pass in any part of the 
country. 

83. In case the banks should fail to pay are the bills made 

worthless ? 

In case the bank should fail to pay, there is secu- 



UNITED 8TATK8 OOVERNMKNT. 55 



rity for their redemption deposited in tlie Unit4-d 
States Treasury, where they will be paid on pre- 
sentation. 

84. WluTf uit) tho Unitod Htati^ Mints? 

At Philadelphia, San Francisco, New Orleans?, 
Carson City, and Denver. 

Mf). WliJit in the huHiiM'HH of thr mint .' 

The business of the mint is to coin tlie precious 
metal^^ into money. 

sc. Who arc tho offlwrH of tho mint? 

A director, a tn^asurer, an assayer, a moU<^r and 

refiner, and a chief coim'r and eni;rav»^r. 

ST. How an« th<v appointiHl? 

They are all appointed by the i'residiMit and 
Senate, in the usual manner. 

SH. Who iippoints tho ch-rks and aspistttnti*? 

The Director. 

S«). What is roquiinHl of Ihrni? 

All must give bond. 

'.)(). Whon an«l to wh<ini <loos tho Dinvtor niako a n^port? 

lu January of each year the Director makes a 



56 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

report to the President, of the operations of the 
mint and its branches for the preceding year. 

91. May private individuals have money coined? 

Any one may take gold to the mint and have it 
coined at a trilling expense. 

92. What other business is done at the mint? 

To assay precious metals and run them into in- 
gots or bars, either of pure or standard ore, accord- 
ing to the wish of the owner. 

93. What is the third department ? 

The third is the Department of War. 

94. Who is its head ? 

The Secretary of War. 

95. What is his business ? 

He has charge of the military affairs of the 
United States. 

96. Has he an assistant? 

He is aided by an Assistant Secretary. 

97. How does the Secretary of War rank in military authority ? 

The Secretary of War ranks next to the President 



UNITED STATK8 GOVKKNMKNT. 67 




<i W1>T roiNT. 



58 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

in military authority, and has under him the whole 
oversight of the army and its affairs. 

98. What other duties has the Secretary of War ? 

(1) He makes out military commissions to be 
signed by the President. 

(2) He has the care of providing for the support, 
clothing, pay, and equipment of the army, and of 
all military stores required to keep the army in effi- 
cient drill and in readiness against a possible war. 

99. What are in his care? 

All books, records and papers relating to military 
affairs are in his care. 

100. What records are in his oflBce? 

The names, grades, times of enlistment, term of 
service and time of mustering out of all officers and 
privates in the army. 

101. Name the grades of officers in the army. 

Major- General. 

Brigadier- General. 

Colonel. 

Lieutenant-Colonel. 

Major. 

Captain. 



UNITKD RTATK8 OOVERNMKNT. 59 

First-Lieutenant. 

S<*r()n(l-Li<Mit<*nant. 

102. Whoro do th<^y tmiii iii<n for tin' urmy? 

At the Military Academy. 

lO.'J WluTo in the Military Anulmiy? 

At West Point, New York. 

104. When wuH thin Hchool wtublinhiHl ? 

It was establislied by an iirt <»f Congress in lbii2. 

105. Wlial is its purpow? 

The purpose of tlie Military Academy is to teach 
and train young men in the scitMice and art of war, 
that in any emergency the country may have a suf- 
ficient number of men educated and skilled in all 
such arts and sciences as appertain to war. 

IOC. What arr the students at the Mihtary Aeudeniy called? 

Cadets. 

107, Wluit branches are taught in the Military Academy? 

Mathematics, engineering, gunnery, drawing, nat- 
ural and experimental philosophy, military tactics, 
chemistry, geology, French. 

108. What body controls and rt>ji:uUites the management of this 
institution ? 

The Congress. 



60 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

109. How many cadets are admitted? 

Each congressional district in eacli State and Ter- 
ritory may send one cadet to be educated at West 
Point. 

110. How are they chosen? 

They are generally nominated by the Congress- 
men from their respective districts. 

111. Are other persons admitted? 

Ten more cadets may be appointed at large. 

112. What are the qualifications of a cadet? 

(1) He must be well versed in reading, writing and 
arithmetic. 

(2) He must not be under fourteen nor over twen- 
ty-one years of age. 

(3) He must sign articles agreeing to serve the 
United States eight years. 

113. What other Government Bureau comes under this de- 
partment? 

The Signal Service^ a system of signals by which 
information can be sent instantly as far as they can 
be seen. 

114. What is the fourth department ? 

The Department of the Navy. 



UNITKD STATES OOVEUNMENT. 



61 




NAVAL ACADEMY, ANNAPOLIP, Mai;^i.\m'. 



62 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

115. Who is at its head? 

The Secretary of the Navy. 

116. What is his business ? 

The Secretary of the Navy attends to the 
naval affairs of the country. 

117. How does he rank ? 

He ranks, next to the President, the highest 
officer in command of the Navy. 

118. By whom is lie aided? 

By an Assistant Secretary. 

119. What are the divisions of this department called? 

Bureaus. 

120. How many bureaus are there? 

Eight. 

121 Name them. 

(1) The Bureau of Yards and Docks. 

(2) The Bureau of Equipments and Recruiting. 

(3) The Bureau of Navigation. 

(4) The Bureau of Ordnance. 

(5) Tlie Bureau of Construction and Repairs. 



UNITKI) STATES GOVERNMENT. 03 



(0) The Bureau of Steam Engineering. 

(7) The Bureau of Provision and Clothing. 
(H) The Bureau of Nh^dicine and Surgery. 

122. What MP' tin- (liiti«'H of Hm- S-crotary of the Nnvy? 

(1) It is his duty to i)rovide naval stores and 
inatc^rials, and to oversee the places where they are 
deposited. 

(2) To attend to thoconstruction, (Miuipnii'iit, arm- 
ament and eniployuKMit of vessels of war. 

(8) To see that efliciency and discipline are niuin- 
tained in the service. 

(4) To assume control of the movements of the 
vessels of war that are kept cruising in every sea 
for the protection of our commerce and citizens in 
foreign parts. 

12iJ. Who appoints the heailH of the burt»nu8? 

The President and Senate. 

124. From whom arc th<\v scUi'1<m1? 

From officers of high rank in the navy. 

125. Who appoints aiul assigns duties to tlio rlcrks in th»' 
various buroaus? 

The Secretary of the Navy. 



64 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

126. What are the grades of naval officers? 

Rear-Admiral. 

Commodores. 

Captains. 

Commanders. 

Lieutenant- Commanders. 

Lieutenants. 

Masters. 

Ensigns. 

Midshipmen. 

127. Where are men trained for the Navy? 

At the Naval Academy. 

128. Where is this school established? 

At Annapolis, Maryland. 

129. What is the object of the Naval Academy? 

The object of the Naval Academy is to give a 
thorough knowledge of the science of naval affairs. 

130. What are the students at the Naval Academy called? 

Midshipmen. 

131. What are they taught? 

They are taught navigation and the other branches 
of science necessary to make them good seamen 
and naval officers. 



UNITED STATES (JOVEKNMKNT. 65 

l'J2. How nrt' tlu-y wh-i-tiHl? 

They are selfct<'<l iqinn nfurly the same ]>lnn as 
tlie cadets. 

!.'{.'{. What UP' 111'- ijii;iiiiii;i i i<Hi> I1I1T- -.11 \ P>i iM II1I--1- 1;. 

Naval A«i<l«'iny ? 

(1) They must be examined in the common 
])ran('Iies. 

(2) They must be between tlie ages of fourteen 
and seventeen years. 

(3) They must be sound, robust, and of good con- 
stitution. 

l.'lt. What do tlicT «lo afNT Iwinff ffrorluabiHl ? 

When graduatod they are commissioned as en- 
signs in the navy, and rank according to merit. 

\'.\'>. Doos tho (iovrninu'Mt n^iuin' tin* wrvioeH of nil of tlio 
graduates? 

Many of them are afterwards engaged in civil 
(Mnployment, and become foremost among well 
educated and scientific men. 

i;i(i. How arr 1h<' cxpoiisi's of th«' Military and Naval Aradoniu^ 
providt'd for? 

They are pAid by the Government. The board 
and tuition of both cadets and midshipmen are 
free. 



66 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

137. Does the Governmeut maintain any other institution for 
the promulgation of knowledge of naval and maritime 
affairs ? 

The Government also maintains a Naval Ob- 
servatory at Washington, District of Columbia. 

138. What is the object of this observatory? 

To promote a knowledge of nautical science and 
astronomy. 

139. Why are these studies prosecuted? 

Because the knowledge of astronomy is the only 
means by which the commander of a vessel out of 
sight of land can ascertain his exact position. 

140. Who makes the observations in the Naval Observatory? 

A corps of professors are appointed to watch the 
movements of the heavenly bodies, and to make 
such observations and experiments as will enable 
them to determine any unsettled questions in the 
science of navigation. These they publish for the 
use of our own seamen and all nations doing busi- 
ness on the deep. 

141. What must the Secretary of the Navy send to Congress 
every year? 

The Secretary of the Navy must every year send 



UNITED 8TATK8 GUVKKNMKNT. 67 

to Congress a report rontaining tlie condition of his 
department, tin; manner and the amount of all ex- 
penditures, furnish estimates for the exp^'Hses of the 
following year, and give such advice in regard to 
the naval interests of tlie country as his intimate 
knowledge of that branch of the service may suggest. 

142. Wliat is the lifth department of the Cabinet? 
The I)('|)jn'tineiit of tlie Interior. 

143. Wlio is at its head r 

The Seeretiiry of tlie InteiicM*. 

144. What are his duties ? 

(1) He has supervision over tlie accounts 
of the niurshiils, clerks, and other ollicei-8 of 
the United States. 

(2) lie has charixe of the oflice of Commis- 
sioner of Indian AtfaiiN. 

(3) ]le is ConmiissioiKM- of IVnsions. 

145. What is a pension ? 

A pension is a sum of money paid every 



68 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

year by the Government to a person for past 
civil or military services. 

(4) He has charge of the Census Bureau. 

14G. What is taking the Census? 

Taking the census is enumerating the population 
of any place. 

147. What is the object of taking the census ? 

(1) To ascertain the growth of the country. 

(2) It is the only means of determining how 
many representatives in congress eacli State may 
send. 

148. When does the constitution require a census to be taken? 

Once every ten years. 

149 Who takes the census? 

The United States Marshals and numerous assist- 
ants, one of whom is required to caU at every house 
and take the number of its inmates ; this report is 
returned to the Secretary of the Interior who makes 
his report and returns it to Congress. 

(5) The Secretary of the Interior has supervision 
over all mines belonging to the United States. He 



UNITED 8TATKH GOVERNMENT. 69 

is also Commissioner of Public Building?^, and lias 
control over thit Hoard <»f Insj)ectors and Warden 
of the Penitentiary in tin* District of Colum)>ia. 

150. What «)tli«r (iovt-rniiMiit nnn-fni romrH undor thin do- 
part inrnt? 

T/tc L(iu(l tiurvi II, wlii( h lixcs iln* boundaries ol 
public lands. 

POI'ULATION OK THE UxiTEI) St ATK«5. 

1790 - 1890. 

Population of the United States in 1790, 3,929,827 
Population of the United States in 1800, 5,305,937 
Population of the United States in 1810, 7,239,814 
Population of the United States in 1820, 9,638,131 
Population of the United States in 1830, 12,866,020 
Population of the United States in 1840, 17,069,453 
Population of the United States in 1850, 23,191,876 
Population of the United States in 1860, 31,747,514 
Population of the United States in 1870, 38,925,598 
Population of the United States in 1880, 52,437,192 
Population of the United States in 1890, 62,622,250 



70 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

151. Who is the sixth member of the Cabinet? 
The Postmaster-General. 

152. What is his business ? 

He is the head of the Post-Oflice Depart- 
ment of tlie United States. 

153. How many assistants has he? 

Three. 

154. What has the Postmaster-General in his keeping ? 

The Postmaster-General has in his keeping the 
seal of his office. 

155. To what must it be affixed? 

It muet be affixed to the commission of every 
postmaster in the United States, and to all copies of 
papers and documents that may be wanted from his 
office. 

156. What authority has he ? 

He has the entire direction and management of 
the Post-Office Department, and the appointment of 
all local postmasters whose salaries are less than 
$1,000.00. 

157. By whom are all others appointed? 

By the President and Senate. 



UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. / I 

15H. Into how many divimonH i'h thin depart ni<'nt (iividtnl ? 
Into three divisions. 

150. Wlifit is 111.- (iryt division? 

The Appointment Office. 

IGO. What rl(MH this include? 

Tlie Ai)pointment Office includes : (1) The divis- 
ions of appointments; (2) bonds given by post- 
niiisters, agents and clerks ; (3) salaries and allow- 
ances, whcr<' they are not ])r<>vid«'d ]\v law; (4) free 
delivery in ('iti«'s. 

Kil. Wild has <har^p of thin offic*»? 

The First Assistant Postmaster-General. 

1G2. What is the second division? 

The Contract Office, where contracts are made for 
carrying the mail, and where the routes are regu- 
lated. 

IGJl Who is in charp- of this office? 

The Second Assistant Postmaster-General. 

1G4. What is tlio third division? 

The Finance Office, which has charge of the entire 
cash receipts, transfers and disbursements of the 



72 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

department, postage stamps, stamped envelopes, 
dead letters, etc. 

1G5. Who has charge of this office? 

The Third Assistant Postmaster-General. 

16G. What is the Money Order System? 

It is a plan of paying money in one office and re- 
ceiving an order, which can be sent to another per- 
son at another office, where the money will be paid. 

167. What is the Office of Foreign Mails? 

The Office of Foreign Mails has charge of all 
foreign postal arrangements and the supervision of 
the ocean mail service. 

168. Who is in charge of this office? 
A Superintendent. 

169. What are the four classes of mail matter? 

(1) Written matter or matter in sealed packages 
or envelopes. 

(2) Newspapers and magazines. 

(3) All other printed matter. 

(4) Merchandise. 



IINITKD STATES OOVERNMKNT. 



170. Who is the seventh member of the Cabinet f 
The Attoinev-Crencial. 

171. What are his qualifications? 

lie is a lofTJil adviser, and iuu>t l>e of ciiii- 
iieiit ability and extensive lejral knowledge to 
iiive iiistnietion and eounsel on varions lines 
of aetion eonteniplated l>y the (Government, 
and of the lawful ciKn-se to be tiiken. 

172. What is his duty '. 

lie has ehar^rc of all Gtnernnient suit.^ re- 
fiuircd to be iiiNtituted or defended. 

173. How is ho aidinl? 

He has an assistant and varions clerks. 

174. Of what Im h«' llu- Mip'-nnt'-iKii'iu ; 

He is the superintendent of all the attorneys and 
marshals in all the judicial districts of the United 
States. 

175. What arc Unit^Hl Stalis Marshals? 

United States Marshals are ministerial officers of 
the United States Courts. 



74 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF TJIE 

176. What art their duties? 

(1) It is the duty of every United States Marshal 
to attend the sittings of the United States District 
Court, and those of the United States Circuit Courts 
when they sit in his district. 

(2) It is their duty to serve all writs and precepts 
coming from the United States Courts whether of a 
civil or criminal character. 

(3) To execute the judgments and decrees of the 
United States Courts. 

(4) They have the custody of all vessels and 
goods seized by any officer of revenue. 

(5) They summon and pay jurors and witnesses, 
in behalf of any prisoner to be tried for a capital 
offense under the laws of the United States. 

(6) They superintend and direct, through deputies, 
the enumeration of the people. 

177. How are they paid? 

Their compensation consists of fees instead of a 
salary, and depends upon the amount of business 
they have to transact. If it amounts to more than 
$6,000 per year, they must pay the surplus to the 
United States Treasurer. 



UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. 75 

1 7h. How iimii.v judicial diHtrictH are thero? 

Fifty-nine, and each one has a Marslial. Every 
State forms at least one district, while the larger 
States are divided into two or three. 

179. Who is the eighth member of the Cabinet? 
Tlie Secretin y of Agriciiltui-c. 

180. What is his duty? 

To look Jitter the agrieultural intercsts of 
the United SUitcs. 

Ibl. WIkmi and liy whom uiis tli.- m-purtnion' "'" V.^i.-uii n.-, 
eBtublinhtHi? 

The Department of Agriculture (formerly a bureau, 
created in 18(>2) has been recently enlarged into a 
dej)artinent, the liead of which is a member of the 
President's Cabinet. 

182. J<y wliom is the Sm-tary uf Aprirulturi' ai)|M»mT«'«i ? 

By the President and Senate. 

183. What in tho ohjtH-t of this .hpartii^iit .' 

(1) To watch the agricultural interests of this 
country, and give to the people information concern- 
ing agriculture. 

(2) To test the growth of untried plants in this 
country. 



A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 




AGRICULTURAL BUILDING, WASHINGTON, D. C. 



UNITKD STATES GOVEUNMKNT. 77 



(n) To spread priictical know l<*flLn* of a ;,^ri culture. 

1H4. When- do tlwy conduct thi'ir oxperimifntH? 

A Y)V()\)iv^n\in<; g.'inlen and grounds an* provided 
at Wasliington, District of Columbia, for their ex- 
peri UK'Uts. 

IH.'. Who aro pmplovcMl in this di'iuirtmont? 

Skillful chemists and njituralists are constantly 
employed to <^ain informatioii. 

1H(>. What Hul)j«M'tM do thpy invfsi i^.ni- . 
They investigate: 

(1) Tlie character of soils. 

(2) The inliuences of climate. 
(J^) The best systems of farming. 

(4) The diseases of animals and plants. 

(5) The methods of preserving crops from insj^cts. 

187. To whom <lo(»s tlio S»KTotary of A^iiiiilt iin- npnii ' 

TT(» reports annually to Congress. 

188. How may any one obtniii this report? 

Any i>erson may obtain this report and also a 
small amount of any seed he wishes to try, by writ- 
ing to the Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, 
District of Columbia. 



78 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

189. What is the business of the Meteorological Bureau? 
The Meteorological Bureau is for the purpose of 

making observations as to the atmospherical changes 
and their effects on the weather. 

190. Where are these observations made? 

There are, in the United States, two hundred 
places where observations are made and reports 
sent to Washington three times a day, at the same 
hour. 

191. What is done with these reports at Washington? 

The Observatory at Washington sends reports 

over the United States, with information in regard 
to the weather to be expected. 

192. Where are the offices of all Cabinet officers ? 

In* Washington, District of Columbia. 

193. By whom are they appointed ? 

Tliey are all appointed by the President 
and confirmed by the Senate. 

194. May they be removed ? 

The President may remove any of them. 

195. What is the salary of each Cabinet Officer ? 

The Vice-President and each Cabinet officer 
receives $8,000 a vear. 



UNITED STATES OOVEKNMENT. 79 

CHAPTER IV. 
The Judicial Department. 

1. Wliat is tlu* object of the Judicial Departmctit? 
T]\(\ ()l)j(H*t of tlie Judicial l)('|>artiii('nt is 

to int(n|)i('t tlio coiistituti(m and laws, to 
(kride controversies, to try ofVcndcrs and to 
|)]'ononnco sentence on tlieni. to entnrce iJLdits 
and I'cdress wron.trs. 

2. Ill what shall the judicial j)ower of thr L^iitcd 

Slat<^s 1)«' vosted ( 

The judicial ])o\vei- of the Tnited States 
sliall be v(Nted in one Supreme Court, and in 
sucli interior courts as Coufri-ess may from 
time to time ordain and establish. 

3. How loug (h) thr jud,i!:«'s of \]\o coiu-ts h<»ld 

office 'i 

The judges, both of the supi*eme and in- 
ferior couits, hold ofliee during life and gocnl 
behavior. 



4. May their sahiries be changed during their t»^nu 
of office i 

They shall, at stated times, receive for theii* 



80 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

services a compensation, which shall not be 
diminished during their continuance in office. 

5. How far shall the judicial power extend ? 

(1) The judicial power shall extend to all 
cases in law and equity arising under this 
constitution, the laws of the United States, 
and treaties made, or which shall be made, 
under their authority. 

(2) To all cases affecting ambassadors, other 
public ministers and consuls. 

(3) To all cases of admiralty and maritime 
jurisdiction. 

(4) To controversies to which the Ignited 
States shall be a party. 

(o) To controversies between two or more 
States. 

(6) Between a State and citizens of an- 
other State. 

(7) Between citizens of different States. 



UNITKI) 8TATH8 GOVERNMENT. 81 

(8) Between citizens of the same State, 
claiinin<5 lands under grants of difTcMent 
States. 

(9) Between a State or tlic citizens thcixjof 
and tbreign States, citizens or siil)jccts. 

6. What is equity ? 

liciuity is natin-al justice in contra-distinc- 
tion to strict law. 

7. What is original Jurisdiction ? 

Oiiginal jurisdiction is the power which a 
court has to take ])riuiaiT cognizance of a 
legal controversy. 

8. In what cases shan the Supreme Court have 

original jurisdiction? 

In all cases affecting anili«ssadors. other 
public ministers and consuls and those in 
which a Statc^ shall he party the Su])i'eme 
Court shall have original jurisdiction. 

9. What is appellate j urisdiction ? 

Ai)i)ellate jurisdiction is the jurisdiction 



82 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

which a Supreme Court has to rehear causes 
which have been tried in inferior courts. 

10. In what cases has the Supreme Court appellate 

jurisdiction? 

The Supreme Court has appellate jurisdic- 
tion in all the other cases before mentioned. 

11. What is the Supreme Court? 

The Supreme Court is a court of superior 
jurisdiction in the United States. 

12. How are all crimes, except impeachment, tried? 
The trial of all crimes, except in cases of 

impeachment, shall be by jury. 

13. When shall such trial be held ? 

Such trials shall be held in the State where 
the said crimes shall have been committed. 
When the crime was not committed in any 
State, the trial shall be held at such place or 
places as the congress may, by law, have 
directed. 

14. When shall a person be convicted of treason ? 
No person shall be convicted of treason un- 



UNITKD 8TATES OOVEKNMBNT. 83 

less Oil tlie testimony of two witnesses to the 
same overt iiet, or c)ii confession in o])en 
court. 

15. Who has the power to punish treason ? 

The congress sliall liave power to declare 
the punishment of tieason. 

16. IIow long shall iin attainder of treason be in 

effect? 

No attaindci- of ti*ea.son sliall work corrup- 
tion of 1)1o(m1, except during the life of the 
person attainted. 

17. What is the effect of attainder? 

The effect of att^iinder upon a fch^n is that 
all his estate, real and pei*sonal, is forfeited: 
that his 1)1o(h1 is corrui)ted, and so notliing 
])asses by inheritance to, from, or through 
him. 



84 A SCHOOL MANUAL bF THE 

CHAPTER V. 

Articles and Amendments to the 

Constitution. 

ARTICLE IV. 

1. What is the law in each State in regard to the 

judicial proceedings of every other State ? 

Full faith and credit shall be given in each 
State to the public acts and records and 
judicial proceedings of every other State. 

2. What does this mean ? 

Each State shall trust every other State, 
and respect the general laws of every other 
State. 

3. What privileges have the citizens of each State 

in every other State ? 

The citizens of each State shall be entitled 
to all privileges of citizens in the several 
States. 

4. What does this mean ? 

It means that a citizen of one State in the 
United States is a citizen of all. 



IINITKI) 8TATES OOVKRNMKNT. Hf) 

f). ('an a person diar^^ed witli crime escape by 
lleeing into anotlier Statt^? 

A person c'liiir^ed in finy Stiitc with Uvii>r>n, 
felony, or oHkm' crinic, wlio sluill 1I(m» from 
justice and be fonnd in anotlier State, sliall, 
on demand of llie exeentive anthority of the 
State from Avliich he lied, 1)C delivered up, to 
be removed to the SUitx3 having jurisdietiun 
of the erinie. 

0. What is this process called ? 
Being returned on a re<|uisition. 

7. What is a reiiuisition i 

The demand u))on the Governor of a State 
to Avliieh a juM-son eharged with a erime hits 
lied, made by the Governor of the State in 
wliieli the crime was committed, for Ids return 
for trial is called a requisition. 

8. \Yhat is a criminal ? 

A criminal is a ])erson who hius been con- 
victed of crime. 



86 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

9. By what authority may new States be admitted 

to the Union ? 

New States may be admitted by the con- 
gress into this Union. 

10. Where may new States not be formed ? 

No new State shall be formed or erected 
within the jurisdiction of any other State, 
nor any State be formed by the junction of 
two or more States or parts of States, without 
the consent of the legislatures of the States 
concerned, as well as of the congress. 

11. What power has Congress over the territory 

and property belonging to the United States ? 
The congress shall have power to dispose of 
and make all needful rules and regulations 
respecting the territory or other property be- 
longing to the United States. 

12. What does the United States guarantee to every 

State ? 

The United States shall guarantee to every 
State in this Union a republican form of gov- 
ernment. 



UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. 87 

18. When must the United States prot*»ct the States? 
The rnited States sliall jnotcH't caeli of the 
Stjit(»s against invasions, and on npplicjition 
of tlui l(\i:'isl;itnro. o?' of the Executive, against 
(loine.stie violence. 

ARTICLE v. 

14. How can the Constitution be amended ? 

(1) The congress, wlienever two-tliirds of 
both houses slijill deem it necessary, shall pro- 
])()s(^ uniendnients to tliis constitution. 

(2) On ;i])i)lic;ition of the legislatuivs of 
two-thirds of the tseveral States, the congi-css 
shall call a convention for proposing amend- 
ments. 

15. Wlien are the amendments valid ? 

(1) AMien ratitied by the legishitures in 
three-fourths of the several States. 

(2) AVhen ratitied by conventions in three- 
fourths of the several States, as the one or the 
other mode of ratitication may be i)roposed 
by congress; provided, that no Stiite shall, 



88 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

without its consent, be deprived of its equal 
suffrage in the Senate. 

AKTICLE VI. 

16. What is the supreme law of the land? 

This Constitution, and the kiws of the 
United States which shall be made in i)ur- 
suance thereof, and all treaties made or which 
shall be made under the authority of the 
United States, shall be the supreme law of the 
land. 

17. Who are required to take oath or affirmation to 

support the Constitution of the United States ? 

The Senators and Representatives before 
mentioned, and the members of the several 
State Legislatures, and all executive and judi- 
cial officers, both of the United States and of 
the several States, shall be bound bv oath or 
affirmation to support this Constitution. 

18. Can a religious test be exacted ? 

No religious test shall ever be required as 
a (pialification to any office or public trust 
under the United States. 



UNITKD STATES OOVEKNMKNT. 89 

AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTTTUTIOIf. 

19. What rif^^lits are secured to the people by the 

iirst ariiendmeiit to the constitution { 

Freedom of conscience, freedom of the 
press, and a riglit to i>caccal)ly assemble «and 
petition the government for redi-cssof wrongs. 

20. What is meant by freedom of conscience ? 
Freedom (»f conscience is tlie ri.irht of every 

lK)rs(m to cntertiiin his own religious convic- 
tions. 

21. What is freedom of the press? 

Freedom of the ])mss is the right to print 
anything that does not interfere with the 
rights of others. 

22. What right does the second amendment confer? 
The right of the people to keep and l)ear 

arms. 

"i:^. To what does this refer ? 

To the privilege of the peoj^le to defend 
their riglits; individuals ai^ not allow^ed to 
carry concealed weapons. 



90 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

24. What is forbidden in the third amendment ? 

No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quar- 
tered in any house without the consent of 
the owner, nor in time of war but in a man- 
ner to be prescribed by law. 

25. What right is assured the people by the fourth 

amendment ? 

The right of the people to be secure in 
their persons, houses, papers, and effects, 
against unreasonable searches and seizures 
shall not be violated. 

26. What does this mean ? 

No private house shall be entered and 
searched unless upon the issue of a search- 
vf arrant by the proper authority. 

27. When only may warrants be issued ? 

No warrant shall issue except upon proba- 
ble cause, supported by oath or affirmation, 
and particularly describing the place to be 
searched and the person or things to be 
seized. 



TTNITKD 8TATKR GOVKKNMKNT. 01 

28. When sliall a jx^rson be lield to answer for a 

capital ciiine i 

No i)crs()n sliJill l)e hold to answer for a 

Ciipitul or otherwise infamous crime unless on 

a j)resentmcnt or indietment of a grand Jtn-y. 

20. Are there any exceptions ? 

Excci)t in cases arising in tlie land (»r na- 
val forces, or in tlie militia, when in time of 
war and public danger. 

30. Shall any person be twice liable for tlie same 

offense { 

No ])ei'son shall l>e subject for the siune 
offense to be twice put in J(M)[)ardy of life or 
limb. 

31. Can any one be compelled to witness against 

himself^ 
No one shall be compelled in any criminal 
case to be a witness against himself, nor to 1h3 
de[)rived of life, lil>erty, or property, without 
due ])rocess of law. 

32. May private property be taken for public use? 
No private pi'oi)erty shall l>e taken for 

public use without just compensation. 



92 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

33. What rights has an accused person ? 

(1) In all criminal prosecutions tlie accused 
shall enjoy tlie right to a speedy and public 
trial by an impartial jury of the State and 
district wherein the crime shall have been 
conmiitted. 

(2) He shall be informed of the nature and 
cause of the accusation. 

(3) He shall be confronted with the wit- 
nesses against him. 

(4) He shall have compulsory process for 
obtaining witnesses in his power. 

(5) He shall have the assistance of counsel 
for his defense o 

34. What causes may be tried by a jury ? 

In suits at common law, where the value in 
controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the 
right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and 
no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re- 
examined in any court of the United States 



UNITED STATEfl OOVKUNMKNT. 93 

thiin iiccordin*^ to the rules of coimnon law. 

35. Wliiit is a Juiy ? 

A jury is a IxmIv of men selected and sworn 
to incjuirc into any matter of fact, and to 
declare the truth of it on the evidence given 
them. 

36. How many kinds <»t Juri»*.s are then' r 

Two; the Grand Jury and the Petit Jury. 

37. When does a grand jury act ? 

A grand jury act8 only in criminal cases. 

38. Where does a grand jury sit ? 

A grand juiy sits alone, not in the pres- 
ence of the court, and dc]il)erates upon such 
matters of criminal character as it possesses 
knowledge of. 

39. What is the result of their deliberations ? 

If, upon such evidence as they have, they 
tind that a great crime has l>cen conmiitted, 
or that they have good rciison to l>elicve so, 



94 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 



and that it has been perpetrated by some 
person specified, they report their finding to 
the court. 

40. What is this finding called ? 
An indictment. 

41. What is the result of this act ? 

The person indicted is held for trial for the 
crime. 

42. When does a petit jury act. 

A petit jmy acts in both civil and crimi- 
nal cases. 

43. Where does the petit jury sit ? 

The petit jury sits with the court; hears 
the arguments of counsel on both sides; the 
evidence of witnesses, and the charge of the 
judge. 

44. What do they then do ? 

They then withdraw and deliberate alone 
upon the case. 



IINITKD STATES GOVKKNMENT. 95 

45. What is tln^ir linding called i 

A verdict. 

40. What is the result of this action ? 

The jury lind a verdict according to the 
law and evidence. 

47. Is there any restriction in regard to bail and 

fines ? 
Excessive bails shall not Ik) re(iuiix)d, nor 
excessive jin(*s imposed, nor cruel ov unusual 
punishment inilictcd. 

48. What is bail ? 

Aihnittinfz; to bail consists in the delivery 
of a ]KMson to his sureties on their giving 
security for his ai)pearance at the time and 
l)lace of trial, there to surrender and lake his 
ti'ial. 

40. What is a line ? 

A line is pecuniary i)unishment im])0sed 
by a hiwful tribunal upon a pei*sou convicted 
of crime or misdemeanor. 



A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 



50. What kinds of suits are brought in court ? 
Civil suits and criminal suits. 

51. What is a civil suit ? 

A civil suit is a suit arising between cit- 
izens, the party bringing the suit being called 
the plaintiff, and the party against whom the 
suit is brought the defendant. 

52. What is a criminal suit ? 

A criminal suit is one in which the State 
is the plaintiff and the person accused of the 
crime or misdemeanor is the defendant. 

53. Who pays the costs in a civil suit ? 

The party who loses the case generally pays 
the costs. 

54. What business is transacted in the Probate 

Court ? 

Settlement of estates and business in re- 
gard to wills and matters of guardianship. 

55. What court has jurisdiction in admiralty and 

maritime cases ? 

The Federal Court. 



UNITED STATER GOVERNMENT. 97 

.'»(;. What is a ju(lKn»^»«f ? 

A jiid^iiicnr is \\n\ dt^oision or s(*ntencc 
of tlio l;i\v ^ivcii l)V Ji court of Justice, or 
otlici* competent trilniiuiL ;is the i-esult of ]>ro- 
ceedinirs instituted tlieivin for tlie nnlitjss of 
an injury. 

57. What is a lien ? 

A lien is ji liold or ehiim wlii<*li one ]X5rson 
has u])on th(^ ])ro|)erty of another as a security 
for some debt oi* chnrtre. 

58. What is a merhanic''8 lien ? 

Mechanics liave a lien on the huildinp^ 
which they ha\e constructed or rei)aiit?d. 
which connnences with the con nnenwn lent of 
the work and continues a limited time. 

59. May slavery exist in the United States ( 

Neitlicr shiveiT nor voluntary seivitude 
shall exist in the United States or any i)hice 
subject to their jurisdiction, except as jmn- 
ishment for crime whereof the pei-son shall 
have been convicted. 



98 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 



GO. Who are citizens of the United States ? 

All persons born or naturalized in tlie 
United States, and subject to tlie jurisdiction 
thereof, are citizens of the United States and 
of the State wherein they reside. 

61. Can any State abridge the privileges of the 

United States ? 

No State shall make or enforce any law 
which shall abi'idge tlie privileges or immuni- 
ties of the United States. 

62. Can any State take life or liberty without due 

process of law ? 

No State shall deprive any person of life, 
liberty, or property, without due process of 
law, nor deny to any person within its juris- 
diction the equal protection of the laws. 

63. What persons are disqualified from holding 

office under the United States ? 

No person shall hold any office, civil or 
militaiy under the United States or under 
any State, Avho, having previously taken oath 
as an officer of the United States to support 



UNITKI) KTATKS GOVKKNMKNT. 99 



the ( onstitiifioii of llic TnitrMl Shitos, sliall 
liavc cn.^'Ji^ticd in rclM'llioii jiiijiinst llic siniie, 
or <:iv('ii Jiid or conitorl to llic <*Mr)iii(»s 
tlid'col'. 

04. (Jan til is disability be removed i 

Coniircss in:iy, I>y jt vot(^ of two-tliirds i\\ 
encli lionsc, r(Miio\(' this disnlMlity. 

(If). What United States debts are valid (' 
Thos(^ jiutliori/cd hy l:i\v. 

(>(). 8hall the riixhts of citizens of iIk- I iiiied :>iates 
ever be denied ( 

Th(^ rigid of citizens of the I'nited States 
to vote shall iiotK^ denied or abridircd by the 
Tinted States oi* by any State on aeeoimt of 
race, color or previous condition of servitude. 



100 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

CHAFER VI. 

Government of the State, County, Etc. 

THE STATE. 

1. What is a State ? 

A State is a political organization of people 
possessing sovereign power, except where the 
power is delegated to the United States. 

2. Is the word " State " otherwise applied ? 

The territory over which such sovereign 
power has jurisdiction is generally called a 
State — as, the State of Missouri; the State of 
New York. 

3. Are States recognized by foreign powers ? 
States, individually, are not recognized by 

foreign powers. 

4. How are States governed ? 

The government of each State is similar to 
that of tlie United States, each having its 
own constitution and laws. 



IJNITKI) STATKS OOVKKNMKNT. 101 

.">. How is the State government divided i 

Into i]\]vv. In'jinclies — tlio loirisliiliNc ilic 
cxociitiN<'. .'iikI llic jii(lici:il. 

(J. Of w li;it (Iocs tlie legislative })i'anch consist { 
or ji Semite ;iihI House of Uepi-cscntativcs. 

7. How are State Senators and State liepresenta- 

tives elected ? 

liy tlie ])eoi)lo. 

8. Who are the executive officers of a State ? 
Tlic Governor, Lieiitenant-(Jovernor, Sec- 
retary of State, State Auditor, State Ti-easuix^r, 
Attoniey-General, Superintendent of Public 
Schools, etc. 

9. What are the duties of the Governor i 

Tlie Governor shall see that the laws are 
faitlifullv executed throuahout the State. 

10. When shall the Clovernor be ( onnuaiider-in- 

chief of the State militia i 

At all times, except when they shall be 
c'alled into the service of the United States. 



102 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF TJLE 

11. When may the Governor call out the militia? 
To execute the laws, suppress insurrections, 

and repel invasions. 

12. When must he command in person ? 

He need not command in person, unless so 
directed by the State Legislature. 

13. What powers has the Governor ? 

The Governor shall have povrer to grant 
reprieves, commutations and jiardons after 
conviction for all offenses, except treason and 
cases of impeachment. 

14. What is the Governor's duty to the State 

Legislature? . 

The Grovernor shall give to the State Legis- 
lature information in regard to the condition 
of the State. 

15. What appointments may the Governor make ? 
When a vacancy occurs in an office, the 

Governor may appoint a j)erson to fill it for 
the unexpired term, unless otherwise provided 
by law. 



i:nitki> statics (jovfunmknt. 103 

IC). W'liiit V(^t() i)()W(?r lias the.' (toveriior f 

Tli(^ (Jovcnior 1ms IIk; sjiiiio jjower in siirn- 
'wvj; (H* v('t(mi.i;* bills in Stntc injitt<'rs :is tlic 
rrcsi(l(Mit liJis in TnitcMl St;itrv mnttn-. 

17. Wiiat ollife has the Lieiileiiaiit-CTOvernor f 
Tlic liientenant-(tnv«Mnnr simll Im^ IVosiMfMit 

of 111" Stiitr S<Mi;itr. 

18. Ill case the ollice of (lovornor is vacant, wlio 

sliall till liis place ? 
Tlic Ij('iit(Miant-(l()\(*i-n(>r >li:ill tlicn U' 
GoviM'iKH' Inr llic residue n\' ilic term. 

10. What is the duty <if the State Secretary ? 

The State Secretary slmll Ik' llie eustinlian 
of the seal of tlu^ State, and allix it to all 
ofHeial aets of the (loviM'nor. exec^ptiiiLr his 
ai)i)roval of laws. 

20. What further duty has tlie State Secretary? 

The State Secretary shall kee]> a register of 
the ollicial acts of the (lovernor. 



104 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF TIIH 

31. What is the duty of the State Auditor ? 

The duty of tlie State Auditor is to examine 
the accounts of officers who have received 
and disbursed public moneys by lawful 
authority. 

22. What is the duty of the State Treasurer ? 

Tlic State Treasurer shall deposit all moneys 
in the State Treasury belonging to the State 
in such banks as he may select, with the ap- 
proval of the Governor and the Attorney- 
General. 

23. What accounts must he publish ? 

The Treasurer shall keep a separate account 
of the State funds, and shall publish quar- 
terly statements showing the amount and 
place of deposit of the State funds. 

24. What moneys shall he disburse ? 

The State Treasurer shall, upon warrants 
drawn by the State Auditor, disburse the 
interest and profits of the State funds ac- 
cording to law, for the service of the State. 



UNITKD STATES (ioVKUNMKNT. 105 



25. What is the duty of the Attorney-General t 
The duty of the Attorney -General is to 

look after the lejxal interests of thr St;it<'. 

26. Wliat is the duty of the Superintendent of 

Public Schools i 
It is tlic (liity of the Male .^ui)cniiicn(lent 
of ]^il)li(j Schools to have jreneral oversight 
and direction of all the i)nblic schools in the 
State. 

27. What duties does this include ? 

lie lias to collect official information con- 
cerning!; the condition of the schools through- 
out the State. 

28. I low does he do this ? 

The officers of the various school districts 
make reports, which they send to the County 
Sui)erintendent. From these rej^orts the 
County Superintendent makes his report for 
tlic State Superintendent. The State Super- 
intendent then makes a re]M3rt for the State 
TjCgislature, from which tlie law-makers ai*e 
intormed of the needs of the schools. 



106 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

29. What further duty has the State Superin- 

tendent in regard to the legislature ? 

It is liis duty to suggest to the legislature 
ways of improving the school laws. 

30. What duties of a j udicial nature belong to the 

office of the State Superintendent? 

He gives instructions to local officers in 
reference to the administration of scliool laws, 
and he sometimes settles disputes in regard 
to the scliool laws without the contending 
parties resorting to the courts. 

81. The Public Schools are under what control? 
Under control of the government. 

The Continental Congress, in 1787, took action in 
regard to this matter, enacting that the means of 
education should be encouraged. 

32. What steps did it take to further education? 

The congress of the United States later set apart 
the sixteenth section of every congressional town- 
ship of land for the support of public schools. This 
appropriation was only in the North until 1865. 



I .MIKl) STATKS OOVKRNMENT. 107 

:}•{. II«»\v Iar^«' is a towiiHliip? 

A township is six* im11«*'< s«|nnn*. 

.'{4. I'lidiT wliOH' imiii<«liat«' ilinn-tion ar*- i>mI»iic M-lioolh? 

Under tin? direction of a school boafl ".t,.i. ..-♦.(] 
of directors. 

l\'}. n«)\v are w1i<»«»1h haiipurUtl? 

Schools are supported either by a State fund or 
by a tax levied and collected in the school district 

yO. Who lias cliaip' (»f tlir wIkkiI inoiir\ ' 

Each school board has a treasurer who has charge 
of the money. 

37. NVliat ollict r has chargr «»f mIiooIk in ritirn an«i ttiwiin? 

The City Superintendent. 

;{.S Wliat aiv liis <luti^•^^? 

Itis the dutyof aCity Superintendent lograde the 
schools, i)lan the work, and tind and introduce the 

best methods of teach iiii:-. 

;}'.). What aio tho dassrs nf public schools? 

Grammar or District Schools, High and >i<»inuil 
Schools. 

40. Arc there any other public schools? 

In many States there are State Universities. 



108 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

41. How were they foimded? 

Ill most Western States they were founded by a 
grant of land from the Government. 

42. Who elects all the executive officere of a State? 

The people. 

48. Of what does the judicial department of the 
State consist? 

Of Supreme and Interior Courts. 

44. Over what cases have the States absolute 

control ? 

State governments have absolute control 
over: (1) public education; (2) public health; 
(3) public morals; (4) the detection and pun- 
ishment of crimes; (5) the care of local in- 
terests and industries. 

45. Over what cases has a State no control ? 

A State cannot: (1) make treaties with 
foreign powers; (2) declare war; (3) raise 
revenue by duties on imports; (4) control the 
postal service ; (5) control matters pertaining 
to other States; (6) coin money. 



UNITKD STATES GOVERNMENT. 100 

46. What aro tlic subflivisioiis of a State '. 
Slates ai'o MilulividcMl into roiintic^. cities 

and towns. 

47. What is a county ? 

A county is a ])()litieal snlMlivision of a 
Sbito, ()r<raniz(Ml for the adininistration of 

local alVairs. 

Tliis is true, <»xrept as to the City ul bt. Louis, 
wliich is not a county, but is a s(*j)arate municipal 
organization, holding tlie same rehition to the State 
of Missouri as any county. 

4M. \\'li.it ar«' fount ii's ohlipil t<i luaiiitam ? 

Suitable court houses, jails, and buildings for the 
registry and preservation of deeds, wills, and court 
records. 

4'.>. What is \\\o j)lan» in whifli tln'sr lMiiIMin>i- .n.- .-n iiiii.-«l 
callr,! ? 

The county-seat. 

50. Wlu) aro tbo chief county oftitvrs? 

Commissioners and Assessors, a Treasurer, a Re- 
corder of Deeds, a Sheriff and a Coroner. 



110 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

51. What are the duties of Commissioners? 

It is tlie duty of a Commissioner to erect and re- 
pair county buildings and care for county property 
and take charge of houses of correction and appor- 
tion county taxes. 

52. Under what authority are roads established ? 

Counties and townships locate roads under the 
authority derived from the State. 

(There are also post roads established by con- 
gress, and roads established by States.) 

53. How are the expenses of road building paid ? 

By tax-payers ; in farming districts it is sometimes 
partly paid in labor; in cities it is in the hands of 
the corporation. 

54. Who has general oversight of roads? 

The Road Supervisor. 

55. Where is the land for roads obtained? 

Besides pubic lands, the government, by giving 
just compensation, may take private property. 

5G. What is the object of the poor-house or countj-house ? 

To provide maintenance for those who are unable 
to support themselves, and whose relations are not 
sufficiently near to be compelled by law to support 
them. 



UNITED STATES OOVEKNMKXT. Ill 

'< What is the duty of the County Trfa«urer? 

'\\) receive and pay out all iiion^'v •< l»«'lMiiiriiiL'^ t«. 
the county. 

.~i8. NN'li.it in the duty of thi- liiifmiii i>i Juiii-^ 

To receive and record all written j)ublic docu- 
ments and also writt43n instruments affecting lands 
nv other property. 

:.!>. Wli.it is th«' duty of th«' Sh«'rifl? 

{\) It is the Sheriff's duty to preserve the peace of 
the county. 

(2) lie shall arrest and coniniit t«» |.?i-..i. nil |u.r 
sons breaking the ])eace. 

(3) He is bound to j)ursue ami ea])tun* criminals. 

(4) He has the safe keeping of county jails and 
is responsible for the custody of prisoners. 

(5) The sheriff must see that the sentence of the 
court is carried into execution. 

(0) He serves all writs and processes issued by 
any of the courts of record and is the ministerial 
officer of such courts. 

(7) He summons juries. 



112 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

60. What is the duty of the Coroner? 

The Coroner's duty is to hold inquisition, with the 
assistance of a jury, over the body of any person 
who has died a violent death or who has died in 
prison. He also performs the sheriif' s duties in case 
there is no sheriff or the sheriff cannot act. 

61. What is a town ? 

A town is a body corporate occupying a 
definite portion- of territory, and exercising 
local jurisdiction under the control of the 
State. 

62. What is a city ? 

A city is a larger political incorporation of 
the same character as a town, differing merely 
in size. 

63. Who are the chief officers in a city ? 

The Mayor, Councilmen, City Solicitor, 
Surveyors, Inspectors, Police Judges, and a 
Marshal. 

64. What is the duty of the Mayor ? 

To see that the laws of the city are en- 



UNITED 8TATK8 CUA'ERNMKNT. 113 



forced, and to sniK3rvise the conduct ol ilic 
siiI)(H*(1in;itc ollicers. 

of). What is the duty of the oouncilmen? 
T( 

citv. 



To iiiiikc I:i\vs lor tlic |i;overnincnt of tin 



ownp:rs]iip (»f prop?:uty. 

(*,(). How nui.v 11 titio to proijorty Iw aoquired? 

Ill three ways: {1) I )y descent, (2) by }»uh ii;t>»-. 
(3) hy will. 

()7. Wlmt is poHHOHsion by doncont? 

Descent or liereditarv possession is the title wliere- 
by a i)ers()n on the deatli of his ancestor, acquires 
liis estate by right of representation as his heir. 

G8. What is a will? 

A will is written dis])ositl(in of onr's properly to 
take eflPect after death. 



114 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

CHAPTER VII. 

Criminal Law. 

In a community there are always people who are 
law-abiding and people who are not. Government is 
organized for the purpose of promoting the industry 
and prosperity, the uniformity and harmony of a 
nation, and grows out of the very relation of men 
to each other. But, as in all ages and climes there 
are persons who are disposed to wrong-doing, it is 
necessary to make laws to compel them to respect 
the rights of others. Such law is called Criminal 
Law. 

1. What is Criminal Law ? 

Criminal Law is that branch of Juris- 
prudence which treats of crimes and offenses. 

2. What is a crime ? 

A crime is a wrong directly or indirectly 
affecting the public. 

3. How are crimes divided ? 

Crimes are divided into felonies and mis- 
demeanors. 



UNITED STATK8 OOVERNMKNT. 115 

4. What is a felony ? 

A felony is u ci'inie ]mnisli:il»l(' on ccmvir- 
fioii with (Icjitli or iiiiiii'isoiiinciit in flic |K'n- 
il(Miti;iry. 

r>. What is a misdemeanor? 

A inis(l(»ni(Min(n' is i\u ofTcnsc less than a 
felony. 

(>. Who iiLstitutes i)r()r(Hlure against a criminal? 

Proeednre nirninst a criminal is institnt(Ml 
by tlic Stntc in wliicli Hh' crinn' is (•(innnittcd. 

7. What an' the elements of crime ? 

To eonstitntc a crime there mnst 1x3: (1) 
an act; (2) a criminal intent or (\\) criminal 
negligence. 

8. What determines the criminality of an act f 
The intent. 

9. How is the failure to do an act of duty regarded ? 

The failnre to do an act of duty is Jis crim- 
inal as to commit a criminal act. 



IIG A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

10. Is an idiot considered capable of committing a 

crime ? 

An idiot is considered at law incapable of 
committing crime. 

11. Is any one blamed for the result of an accident ? 
Where accidental mischief results from the 

proper performance of a lawful act, the party 
committing it is excused from all guilt; but 
if in the performance of an act which is 
morally wrong, it is otherwise. 

12. Is ignorance of law an excuse ? 
Ignorance of law is no excuse for the com- 
mission of crime. 

13. How is ignorance of the law regarded ? 
Ignorance of the law, after promulgation of 

the statute by publication, is criminal negli- 
gence. 

14. Is a person considered guilty when employed 

by another to do a crime ? 

Where a person employs another to do an 
unlawful act the act becomes his own and he 
is liable; but both are guilty. 



[TNITKD STATES OOVEUNMKNT. 117 



IT). Is (Innikniness any excuse for crime i 

A'oliiiitarv (lnink(»nness is no excuse for 
criiiie, even wIkmi it is so extreme that the 

person is unconscious of wluit lie i^ dnjng. 

10. What effect has insanity on crime i 

To he res])onsihle foi* crime the i)arty com- 
mitting' the Jiet must l)e (»f sound mind. 

17. How are crinH's classilied according to the na- 

ture of the offense? 

(1) Acts Affkctin^; tuk Sovkukicnty of tue 
Statk — As treason. nii>|)rision of ti-eason higli 
crimes and misdemeanors. 

18. What is a misprision of treason? 
Misprision of treason is having knowledge 

that treasim has been eonnnitted (^r is ahout 
to be committed, and concealing such knowl- 

e(li:'(\ 

(2) Acts Affkctim; tuk Tkusons am» Links 
OF Individuals — As assault and battery, false 
im])risonment, kidnaping, robbery, murder, 
manslaughter. 



118 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

19. What is assault ? 

Assault is any wrongful physical violence 
inflicted on a human being without his con- 
sent, without affecting life. 

20. What is false imprisonment ? 

False imprisonment is any unlawful re- 
straint of one's liberty. 

21. What is kidnaping ? 

Kidnaping is the forcible abduction of a 
man, woman, or child. 

22. What is robbery? 

Eobbery is the felonious and forcible taking 
from the person of another, goods or money, 
by violence or by putting him in fear. 

23. What is murder ? 

Murder is the willful killing of any person 
with malice aforethought. 

24. What is manslaughter ? 

Manslaughter is the unlawful killing of an- 



UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. 11 J) 

oihvA' without iiiJilice, either expi-esscd or im- 
j)lie(l. 

{*A) Acts Affk('tin(i ]^:oi»ekty — A> lun-ning 
public i)r()])erty, destroying public i)r()])crty, 
injuries U) public ju-operty. 

(1) Acts Affectini; I^uvate PuoPERTi' — As 
arson, buip;lary, enil^ezzlenient, hirc^ny, ob- 
tiiining goods by fulsc pretenses. 

2."). What is arson ? 

Arson is the malicious burning of another's 
house. 

20. What is burglary ? 

Burglary is the breaking and entering the 
house of another in the night time with the 
intent to commit a felony. 

27. What is larceny ? 

Larceny is the fraudulent taking and car- 
rying away of the i)ersonal gocKls of an- 
other. 



120 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THI 

28. What is obtaining goods by false pretenses ? 
Obtaining goods by false pretenses "is ob- 
taining goods by a willful misrepresentation 
of a fact upon which a i)erson relies and is 
thereby induced to part with his property. 

(5) Acts Affecting the Public or Individu- 
als OR their Property — As conspiracies. 

29. What is a conspiracy ? 

A conspiracy is a combination of two or 
more persons to accomplish some criminal 
purpose, or some lawful purpose by criminal 
means. 

(6) Acts Affecting Public Property — As 
gambling, lotteries, nuisances, violating or ob- 
structing the right of suffrage, destroying 
game or fish. 

30. What is gambling ? 

Gambling is an understanding between two 
or more persons by which they agree to play 
by certain rules at cards, or dice, or other 
conti'ivance, and that one shall be winner and 
the other loser. 



UNITED STATES QOVEKXMEIiT 121 

31. What is a lottery ? 

A lottery is a scliciiic for tlic (listrilmtion 
of jn-izes by cliance. 

■ i2. What is nuisance? 

Nuisance is anytliiiig tliat unlawfully 
works hurt, inconvcMiience or dainatre to the 
l)ul)lic, or espeeial injury to an individual. 

(7) Arrs Affecting the CritKENcv am> l^ru- 
Lic AND ?KivATK Skcihities — As counteiicit iug, 
passin<;' counterfeit money, circuhiting false 
currency. 

33. What is counterfeiting? 
Counterfeiting is making false money. 

(8) Acts Affecting the Piblio Peace and Pe- 
CURITY — As bleach of the ])eace, challenging 
tx) tight a duel, libel, riot, unlawful assembly. 

34. What is libel? 

Libel is a, malicious defamation of charac- 
ter expressed either in i)rinting or writing. 



122 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

35. What is a riot ? 

A riot is a tumultuous disturbance of the 
peace by three persons or more. 

(9) Acts Affecting Public Justice — As 
bribery, contempt of court, destroying i)ub- 
lic records, escape, extortion, jail-breach, 
maintenance, misprision of felony, obstruct- 
ing legal process, oppression, perjury, resist- 
ance of an officer, suppression of evidence. 

36. What is bribery ? 

Bribery is the voluntary giving or receiving 
of anything of value in corrupt payment for 
an official act done or to be done. 

37. What is contempt of court ? 

Contempt of court is a willful disregard oi 
disobedience of the authority of court. 

38. What is extortion ? 

Extortion is the unlawful taking by any 
officer of any money or thing of value that is 
not due him, or more than is due, or before it 
is due. 



UNITKD STATES OOVERNMKNT. 123 

'.I'.K Wliak 18 maintenance ? 

Maintenance is the inteinieddling of a 
stianu'or in a suit, for tlie ])Uip(M^ of stirring 
iij) strife and ((Uitiniiing tlie litigation. 

40. What is misprision of felony i 

Misprision of felony is liaving knowledge 
that felony is al)ont to l>e connnittc<l, or Inis 
l)een committed, and concealing sncli knowl- 
edge. 

11. What is perjury? 

Perjury is a willful false oath hy any one 
who is i-e(iuired to testify in any judicial pro- 
ceeding. 

42. What is an oath i 

An oath is an outward pledge given by the 
l)ers()n taking it that his attestation or i)romise 
is made under an inunediate sense of his i-c- 
si)onsibility to God. 

(10) Acts Affecting Rkligiox and MoiLVLm' 
— As blasi)hemy, cruelty to animals, drunk- 



124 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

enness, profanity, i)romoting intemperance, 
Sabbath-breaking. 

43. What is blasphemy ? 

Blasphemy is speaking evil of the Deity. 

44. How are all these crimes punished ^ 

By fines or imprisonment, according to the 
enormity of the crime. 

45. Why is punishment inflicted ? 
Punishment is inflicted as a precaution 

against future offenses. 

46. How is this object effected? 

In three wayis: (1) By amendment of the 
offender himself ;' (2) by deterring others 
through his example; (3) by depriving the 
guilty party of the power to do future mis- 
chief. 

47. When does punishment begin ? 
Punishment for crime does not begin until 

after tlie ciiminal has been convicted and 
sentenced. 



UNITED STATES GOVEKNMKNT. 



125 



48. What crimes are prosruted hy indictment ? 

Any crimo ])iiiiislial)l(^ by deatli (m* impris- 
oniiKMit ill llio juMiitcntiary can l>o prosecuted 

l)v indicfnicnt' oiilw 




120 



A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 




LIBERTY HALL, PHILADELPHIA, PA, 



UNITKI) STATES GOVERNMENT. 127 



Declaration of Independence. 



The following preamble and specilications, known 
as the Declaration of Independence, arconipanied 
the resolution of Richard Henry Lee, which was 
iidoptcd by Congress on the 2d day of July, 177(5. 
This declaration was agreed to on the 4th, and the 
transaction is thus recorded in the Journal for that 
day : 

''Agreeably to the order of the day, tJie Congress 
resolved itself into a cominittee of the wJiole^ to take 
into their fnrtJier coiusidt ration the Declaraiixyn ; 
and, after some time, the l^rsident nsunud the 
chair, and Mr. Harrison reported that the committee 
haDe agreed to a Declaration, which they desired 
him to report. The Declaration being read, was 
agreed to asfolloios:'^ 

A DECLARATION HY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF 

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, IN 

CONGRESS ASSEMBLED. 

When, in the course of human events, it becomes 
necessary for one people to dissolve the political 
bands which have connected thtMu with another, and 
assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate 



128 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

and equal station to which the laws of nature and 
nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the 
opinion of mankind requires that they should de- 
clare the causes which impel them to the separa- 
tion. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident — that all 
men are created equal ; that they are endowed by 
their Creator with certain inalienable rights ; that 
among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of 
happiness. That, to secure these rights, govern- 
ments are instituted among men, deriving their just 
powers from the consent of the governed; that, 
whenever any form of government becomes destruc- 
tive of these ends, it is the right of the people to 
alter or abolish it, and to institute a new govern- 
ment, laying its foundations on such principles, and 
organizing its powers in such form as to them shall 
seem most likely to effect their safety and happi- 
ness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that govern- 
ments long established should not be changed for 
light and transient causes ; and, accordingly, all ex- 
perience hath shown that mankind are more disposed 
to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right 
themselves by abolishing the forms to which they 
are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and 
usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, 



I'MIKI) STATKS OOVEKNMKNT. 120 



evinces ii design to reduce them uiid*'! absolute' d»*s- 
})()tiani, it is their right, it is their duty, to tlirow off 
such government, and to })rovide new guards for 
their future security. Such has been the patient 
iilferance of these colonies, and such is now the 
necessity wliich constrains th<*m to alter their former 
systems of government. The liistory of the present 
King of Great I^ritain is a history of repeated in- 
juries and usurpations, all liaving in direct object 
the establishment of an absohite tyranny over these 
States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a 
candid world. 

1. He has refused his assent to laws the nH»<t 
wholesome and necessary for the public g(X)d. 

2. He has forbidden his governors to pass laws 
of immediate and pressing importance, unless sus- 
})ended in their operations till his assent should Ih? 
obtained ; and, when so suspended, lie has utterly- 
neglected to attend to them. 

3. He has refused to pass other laws for the ac- 
commodation of large districts of people, unless 
those people would lelinquish the riglit of repre- 
sentation in the Legislature — a riglit inestimable to 
them, and formidable to tyrants only. 

4. He has called together legislative bodies at 
places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the 



180 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

repository of their public records, for the sole pur- 
pose of fatiguing them into compliance with his 
measures. 

5. He has dissolved representative houses re- 
peatedly, for opposing, with manly firmness, his 
invasions on the rights of the people. 

6. He has refused, for a long time after such dis- 
solutions, to cause others to be elected, whereby the 
legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have 
returned to the people at large for their exercise; 
the State remaining, in the meantime, exposed to all 
the dangers of invasions from without, and convul- 
sions within. 

7. He has endeavored to prevent the population 
of these States; for that purpose obstructing the 
laws for the naturalization of foreigners ; refusing to 
pass others to encourage their migration hither, and 
raising the conditions of new appropriations of 
lands. 

8. He has obstructed the administration of jus- 
tice, by refusing his assent to laws for establishing 
judiciary powers. 

9. He has made judges dependent on his will 
alone for the tenure of their offices, and the amount 
and payment of their salaries. 



UNITKD STATHH (iOVKKNMKNT. 131 

ID. lie has erected a multitude of new offices, 
.'iiid 8(311 1 hither .swiirms of officers to harass our ]»eo- 
ple and eat out their substance. 

11. Wit lijis kept anions us in times oi peace, 
standing armies, without the consent of our Legis- 
latures. 

12. He lias affected to render the military inde- 
j)endent of, and superior to, the civil power. 

13. lie has combined with others to subject us to 
;i jurisdiction foreign to our constitutions, and unac- 
knowledged by our laws; giving his assent to their 
acts of pretended legislation ; 

14. For (luartering large bodies of armed troops 
among us ; 

If). For protecting them, by a mock trial, from 
l)unishiuent for any murders which they sliould 

commit on f1it> inli,'il)it;nits of tlicsf States: 

1(). Fov culling oil" our trade witli all jtaits oi ilie 
world; 

17. For imiM)siug taxes on us without our con- 
sent ; 

18. For depriving us, in many cases, of the ben- 
efits of trial by jury ; 



1S2 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 



19. For transporting us beyond seas, to be tried 
for pretended offenses ; 

20. For abolishing the free system of English 
laws in a neighboring province, establishing therein 
an arbitrary government, and enlarging its bound- 
aries, so as to render it at once an example and fit 
instrument for introducing the same absolute rule 
into these colonies ; 

21. For taking away our cliarters, abolishing our 
most valuable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the 
forms of our governments ; 

22. For suspending our own Legislatures, and 
declaring themselves invested with power to legis- 
late for us in all cases whatsoever. 

23. He has abdicated government here, by de- 
claring us out of his protection, and waging war 
against us. 

24. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our 
coasts, burned our towns, and destroyed the lives of 
our people. 

25. He is at this time transporting large armies 
of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of 
death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with 
circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely par- 



I MIKI) STATES OOVKKXMKNT. V\S 



iillelecl in the most barbarous ages, and totally un- 
worthy tlie liead of a civilized nation. 

20. He has constrained our fellow-ritizens, taken 
captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their 
friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their 
hands. 

27. lie has excit«'d doniesiic insmit rnoii among 
us, and has endeavored to bring on the inabitants of 
our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose 
known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruc- 
tion of all ages, sexes, and conditions. 

In every stiige of these oppressions we have peti- 
tioned for redress in the most humble terms; our 
repeated i)etitions have been answered only by re- 
l)eated injury. A prince whose character is thus 
marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is 
unlit to be the ruler of a free people. 

Nor have we been wanting in our attentions to 
our British brethren. We have warned them, from 
tinu* to time, of attempts by their Legislature to ex- 
tend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We 
have reminded them of the circumstances of our 
emigration and settlement here. We have appealed 
to their native justice and magnanimity, and we 
have conjured them, by the ties of our common 
kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would 



134 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

inevitably interrupt our connections and corre- 
spondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of 
justice and consanguinity. We must, therefore, ac- 
quiesce in the necessity which denounces our separ- 
ation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, 
enemies in war, in peace friends. 

We, therefore, the representatives of the United 
States of America, in general Congress assembled, 
appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the 
rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by 
the authority of the good people of these colonies, 
solmenly publish and declare that these United 
Colonies are, and of right ought to be, feee and 
INDEPENDENT STATES ; that they are absolved from 
all allegiance to the British crown, and that all politi- 
cal connections between them and the State of Great 
Britain, is, and of right ought to be, totally dis- 
solved; and that as free and independent States, 
they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, 
contract alliances, establish commerce, and do all 
other acts and things which independent States 
may of right do. And, for the support of this 
declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection 
of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each 
other, our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 

{Signed) John Hancock. 



UNITED RTATKfl aOVKKNMKNT. 185 

Nr'W IIjiin])sliin — losiAii Uahtlktt. Wm. W iiiiiik. 

M ATTIIKW TlIOUNTON. 

Massachusetts Bay— Samtkl Adams, .T(UIN Adams. 
KoHEUT Tkkat Pa ink, EiJiKiiK;E (Ikkhy. 
lUunW Islan<l— Stkpiien IIopkins, Wilmam Kli.kiiy. 

Connecticut— Roger Sherman, Samiel Hintington, 
William William^, Oliver \Vol<'(.tt. 

X,.w Y,„k— Wm. Floyd, ruiLir Livingsti.n, Fi<aN( l- 
Lewis, I>e\ms Morris. 

New Jersey— Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, 
Francis Hopkinson. .Iohn Hart, Abraham Clark. 

Pennsylvania— RoHERT Morris, Benjamin Rish, Ben- 
jamin Franklin, John Morton, d kor(;e Clymer, James 
Smith, (;i:oh(;e Taylor, James Wilson, George Ross. 

Delaware— C.KSAR Rodney, (Ieo. Read, Thos. M'Kean. 

Maryland— Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas 
Stone, Charles Carroll, of CarroUton. 

Virginia— Geo. Wvtiik. Ri« hard Henry Lee, Thomas 
Jkkkerson, Benjamin Harrison. Thomas Nelson, Jr., 
Francis Lightfoot Lee, (\\rti:r Braxton. 

North Carolina— William Hooper, Joseph Hewes 
John Penn. 

South Carolina— Edward Ritledge, Thomas Hey- 
ward, Jr., Thomas Lynch, Jh.. Arthur Middleton. 

Gecngia— Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George 

Walton. 



136 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF tiip: 



Constitution of the United States, 



We, the people of the United States, in order to 
form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure 
domestic tranquility, provide for the common de- 
fense, promote the general welfare, and secure the 
blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, 
do ordain and establish this Constitution for the 
United States of America. 

AETICLE I. 

Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted 
shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, 
which shall consist of a Senate and House of Rep- 
resentatives. 

Sec. 2. The House of Representatives shall be 
composed of members chosen every second year by 
the people of the several States, and the electors in 
each State shall have the qualifications requisite for 
electors of the most numerous branch of the State 
Legislature. 

No person shall be a representative who shall not 
have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and 
been seven years a citizen of the United States, and 



SlTKlt STATKS GOVEKNMKNT. \'X 



who .sluill not, wluMi <*lectc(l, lM*an inhahitaiil ol' iliai 
State in wliirli ]i«* sli;ill Iw* clin^i-n 

Re})reHentative8 and direct taxes shall be ai)i>or- 
tioned among the several States which may be in- 
cluded within this Union, accordin*; to their respect- 
ive numbers, which sluill })e detenidned hy adding 
to the whole number of free persons, including those 
bound to service for a term of years, and excluding 
Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other j»ersons. 
The actual enumeration shall be nuide witiiin three 
years after the tirst meeting of the Congress of the 
United States, and w ithin every subsequent term of 
ten years, in such manner as they shall by law 
direct. The number of representatives shall not 
exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State 
shall have at least one representative; and until 
such enumeration shall be made, the State of New 
Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three ; Massa- 
chusetts, eight ; Rhode Island and Providence Plan- 
tations, one ; Connecticut, live ; New York, six ; New 
Jerse3% four; Pennsylvania, eight; Delaware, one; 
Maryland, six ; Virginia, ten ; North Carolina, five ; 
South Carolina, live ; and Georgia, three. 

When vacancies happen in the representation 
from any State, the executive authority thereof 



138 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 

The House of Representatives shall choose their 
Speaker and other officers ; and shall have the sole 
power of impeachment. 

Sec. 3. The Senate of the United States shall be 
composed of two senators from each State, chosen 
by the Legislature thereof, for six years ; and each 
senator shall have one vote. 

Immediately after they shall be assembled in con- 
sequence of the first election, they shall be divided 
as equally as may be into three classes. The seats 
of senators of the first class shall be vacated at the 
expiration of the second year ; of the second class, 
at the expiration of the fourth year; and of the 
third class, at the expiration of the sixth year ; so 
that one-third may be chosen every second year; 
and if vacancies happen by resignation, or other- 
wise, during the recess of the Legislature of any 
State, the executive thereof may make temporary 
appointments until the next meeting of the Legis- 
lature, which shall then fill such vacancies. 

No person shall be a senator who shall not have 
attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine 
years a citizen of the United States, and who shall 



ITNITKI) STATES OOVKRNMKXT. 139 

not, wlien elected, l)e an inhabitant of that State for 

wliich he shall he chosen. 

The Vice-President of the United States shall be 
President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, un- 
less they be equally divided. 

The Senate shall choose their other officers, and 
also a president j9ro temiwre, in the absence of the 
Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the office 
of President of the United States. 

Th(» Senate shall have the sole jx.wrr to tiy all 
imp<^achnients. When sitting for that purpose, they 
shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President 
of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall 
l)reside; and no person shall be convicted without 
the concurrence of two-thirds of the members 
present. 

Judffnient in cases of impeachment shall not ex- 
tend further than to removal from office, and dis- 
qualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, 
trust, or profit under the United States; but the 
party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and 
subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punish- 
ment, according to law. 

Sec. 4. The times, places, and manner of holding 
elections for senators and representatives shall be 



140 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof ; 
but the Congress may at any time, by law, make or 
alter such regulations, except as to the places of 
choosing senators. 

The Congress shall assemble at least once in 
every year, and such meeting shall be on the first 
Monday in December, unless they shall by law ap- 
point a different day. 

Sec. 5. Each house shall be the judge of the elec- 
tions, returns, and qualifications of its own members, 
and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to 
do business; but a smaller number may adjourn 
from day to day, and may be authorized to compel 
the attendance of absent members, in such manner, 
and under such penalties, as each house may pro- 
vide. 

Each house may determine the rules of its pro- 
ceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, 
and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a 
member. 

Each house shall keep a journal of its proceed- 
ings, and from time to time publish the same, ex- 
cepting such parts as may in their judgment require 
secrecy, and the yeas and nays of the members of 
either house on any question shall, at the desire of 



UNITKI) STATES GOVERNMKNT. Ill 

OIK' 111 III ot* those present, be entered on the journal. 

Nt'ithrr liouse, during the session of Con<:ress, 
shall, wiiliont the consent of the other, adjourn for 
more than thice days, nor to any other place than 
that in u lii( h the two houses shall be sitting. 

Sec. 0. The senators and representatives shall 
receive a conii)ensatioii for their services, to be as- 
certained by law, and paid out of the treasury of 
the United States. They shall, in all cases except 
treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be priv- 
ileged from arrest during their attendance at the 
session of their respective houses, and in going to 
and returning from the same ; and for any speech 
or debate in either house, they shall not be ques- 
tioned in any other place. 

No senator or re])rese!it;iiive shall, dmiiig the 
time for which he was elected, be apj)ointi'(l to any 
civil office under the authority of the United States, 
which sliall have been created, or the emoluments 
whereof shall hav(» been increased, during such 
time; and no i)erson holding any office under the 
United States shall be a member <.f Hit]).!* house 
during his continuance in office. 

Sec. 7. All bills for raising revenue shall orig- 
inate in the House of Representatives; but the 



142 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

Senate may propose or concur with amendments 
as on other bills. 

Every bill which shall have passed the House of 
Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it be- 
come a law, be presented to the President of the 
United States ; if he approve, he shall sign it ; but 
if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that 
house in which it shall have originated, who shall 
enter the objections at large on their journal, and 
proceed to reconsider it.. If, after reconsideration, 
two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, 
it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the 
other house, by which it shall likewise be recon- 
sidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, 
it shall become a law. But in all such cases the 
votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas 
and nays, and the names of the persons voting for 
and against the bill shall be entered on the journal 
of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be 
returned by the President within ten days (Sundays 
excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, 
the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had 
signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment 
prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 

Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the con- 



UNITKD SIAIKS <;()V KKNMKNT. 143 



ciirrence of tlie Senat<i and Hous<* of Rt'pn'.seiitatives 
may be necessary (exce])t on a question of adjourn- 
nuMil) shall be ])re8ented to the President of the 
I'nited States ; and before the same shall take effect, 
shall hr ai)i)roved by him, or, being disapproved by 
liini, shall be re])as8ed by two-thirds <»f tin* Senate 
and House of Re})resentatives, according to the rules 
and limitations ])rrscribed in the case of a bill. 

Sec. 8. The (Jongress shall have power — 

To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and 
excises, to pay the debts and i)rovi(le for tin* com- 
mon defense and general welfare of the United 
States; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be 
uniform throughout the United States; 

To borrow money on the credit of the United 
States ; 

To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and 
among the several States, and with the Indian tribes ; 

To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, 
and uniform laws on the subject of bankru})tcies 
throughout the United States ; 

To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of 
foreign coin, and tix the standard of weights and 
measures : 



144 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting 
the securities and current coin of the United States ; 

To establish post-offices and post-roads ; 

To promote the progress of science and useful 
arts, by securing, for limited times, to authors and 
inventors the exclusive right to their respective 
writings and discoveries ; 

To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme 
Court ; 

To define and punish piracies and felonies com- 
mitted on the high seas, and offenses against the 
law of nations ; 

To declare war, grant letters of marque and re- 
prisal, and make rules concerning captures on land 
and water ; 

To raise and support armies, but no appropriation 
of money to that use shall be for a longer term than 
two years ; 

To provide and maintain a navy ; 

To make rules for the government and regulation 
of the land and naval forces ; 

To provide for calling forth the militia to execute 
the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and 
repel invasions ; 



UNITED STATKS (;oV?:RNMKNT. 145 

To provide for organizing, anning, and disciplining 
the militia, and for governing such ])art of them as 
may be employed in the service of the United States, 
reserving to the States respectively the appointment 
of the officers, and the authority of training the 
militia according to the discipline prescribed by 
Congress; 

To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases what- 
soever over such district (not exceeding ten miles 
square) as may by cession of particular States, and 
the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the 
government of the United States, and to exercise 
like authority over all j)laces purchased hy the con- 
sent of the Legislature of the State in which the 
same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, 
arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings; 
and 

To make all laws which shall be necessary and 
proper for carrying into execution the foregoing 
powers, and all other powers vested by this Consti- 
tution in the government of the United States, or in 
any department or officer thereof. 

Sec. 9. The migration or im])ortation of such 
persons as any of the States now existing shall 
think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by 



146 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight 
hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be im- 
posed on such importation, not exceeding ten dol- 
lars for each person. 

The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall 
not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion 
or invasion the public safety may require it. 

No bill of attainder or ex-post facto law shall be 
passed. 

No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, 
unless in proportion to the census or enumeration 
hereinbefore directed to be taken. 

No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported 
from any State. 

No preference shall be given by any regulation of 
commerce or revenue to the ports of one State over 
those of another ; nor shall vessels bound to or from 
one State be obliged to enter, clear or pay duties in 
another. 

No money shall be drawn from the treasury but 
in consequence of appropriations made by law ; and 
a regular statement and account of the receipts and 
expenditures of all public money shall be published 
from time to time. 



IMIKD 8TATK8 OOVKRNMKNT. 147 



No title of nobility shall he granted hy tlin United 
States; and no person liolding any office of profit or 
trust under them, sjiall, witliout tlie consent c»f the 
Congress, accept of any present, emohiment, office*, 
or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, 
or foreign State. 

Skc. 10. No State shall enter into any treaty, 
alliance, or confederation; grant haters of marque 
and reprisal; coin money; omit bills of credit; 
make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in 
payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex- 
])ost facto law, or law impairing the obligation of 
contracts, or grant any title of nobility. 

No State shall, without the consent of the Con- 
gress, lay any impost or duties on imports or ex- 
ports, except what may be absolutely necessary for 
executing its inspections laws; and the net produce 
of all duties and imposts, laid by any State on im- 
ports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury 
of the United States; and all such laws shall be 
subject to the revision and control of the Congress. 

No State shall, without the consent of Congress, 
lay any duty of tonage, keep troops or ships-of-war 
in time of peace, enter into any agreement or com- 
pact with another State, or with a foreign power, or 



148 .A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such 
imminent danger as will not admit of delay. 

ARTICLE IL 

Section 1. The executive power shall be vested 
in a President of the United States of America. He 
shall hold his office during the term of four years, 
and, together with the Vice-President, chosen for 
the same term, be elected as follows : 

Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the 
Legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, 
equal to the whole number of senators and repre- 
sentatives to which the State may be entitled in the 
Congress ; but no senator or representative, or per- 
son holding an office of trust or profit under the 
United States, shall be appointed an elector. 

The Congress may determine the time of choosing 
the electors, and the day on which they shall give 
their votes ; which day shall be the same throughout 
the United States. 

No person except a natural born citizen, or a 
citizen of the United States at the time of the adop- 
tion of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the 
office of President ; neither shall any person be 
eligible to that office who shall not have attained to 



rNITKD STATES OOVKRNMKNT. 140 



the age of thirty -five years, and been luurteeii years 
a resident within the United States. 

In case of the removal of the President from office, 
or of his death, resignation or inability t^) discharge 
the powers and duties of the said office, the same 
shall devolve on the Vice-President, and the Con- 
gress may by law provide for the case of removal, 
(Irath, resignation, or inability, both of the Presi- 
dent and Vice-President. d«'claring what officer shall 
then act as President; and such officer shall act ac- 
cordingly until the disability be removed, or a Pres- 
ident shall be elected. 

The President shall, at stated times, receive for 
his serviT'cs a conqxMisation which shall neither l>e 
increased nor diminished during the jx'riod for which 
he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive 
wiiliin that period any other emolument from the 
United States, or any of them. 

Before he enter on the execution of his office he 
shall take the following oath or affirmation: "I 
do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully 
execute the office of President of the United States, 
and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, 
ami defend the Constitution of the United States." 

Sec. 2. The President shall be commander-in- 



150 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

chief of the army and navy of the United States, 
and of the militia of the several States when called 
into the actual service of the United States ; he may 
require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer 
in each of the executive departments, upon any 
subject relating to the duties of their respective 
offices ; and he shall have power to grant reprieves 
and pardons for offenses against the United States, 
except in cases of impeachment. 

He shall have power, by and with the advice and 
consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two- 
thirds of the senators present concur ; and he shall 
nominate, and by and with the advice and consent 
of the Senate shall appoint ambassadors, other pub- 
lic ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme 
Court, and all other officers of the United States 
whose appointments are not herein otherwise pro- 
vided for, and which shall be established by law ; 
but the Congress may by law vest the appointment 
of such inferior officers as they think proper, in the 
President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads 
of departments. 

The President shall have power to fill up all va- 
cancies that may happen during the recess of the 
Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire 
at the end of their next session. 



UNITKD RTATKS (iOVKKNMKNT. 151 

Sk(>\ :i. lie shall, froin time to time, give to the 
C()n<z:n*ss information <»f tin? state of the I'nioii, and 
n'conimend to their ronsideration such measures as 
JK^ shall Judge necessary and expedient; he may, 
on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses. 
or either of them, and in case of disagreement be- 
tween them with resj)ect to the time of adjournment 
he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think 
proper; lie shall receive ambassadors and other 
public ministers; he shall take care that the laws 
be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the 
officers of the United States. 

Sec. 4. The President, Vice-President, and all 
civil oflicers of the I'nited States, shall be removed 
from oflice on impeachment for, and conviction of, 
treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misde- 
meanors. 

AirricLK III. 

Section 1. The judicial power of the United 
Statys shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in 
such inferior courts as the Congress may from time 
to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of 
the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their 
ofiices during good behavior, and shall, at stated 
times, receive for their services a compensation 



152 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

which shall not be diminished during their continu- 
ance in office. 

Sec. 2. The judicial power shaft extend to all 
cases in law and equity arising under this Consti- 
tution, the laws of the United States, and treaties 
made, or which shall be made, under their authority ; 
to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public 
ministers, and consuls; to all cases of admiralty 
and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to which 
the United States shall be a party ; to controversies 
between two or more States ; between a State and 
citizens of another State ; between citizens of dif- 
ferent States; between citizens of the same State 
claiming lands under grants of different States, and 
between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign 
States, citizens, or subjects. 

In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public 
ministers, and consuls, and those in which a State 
shall be party, the Supreme Court shall have orig- 
inal jurisdiction. In all the other cases before men- 
tioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate 
jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such ex- 
ceptions and under such regulations as the Congress 
shall make. 

The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeach- 
ment, shall be by jury ; and such trial shall be held 



UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. 153 

ill tlie Stat(3 where the said crimes sliall have been 
coinrnittiMl; but when not committed witliin any 
State, tlie trial shall be at such i»lace or places as 
the Congress may by law have directed. 

Sec. H. Treason against the United States shall 
consist only in levying war against them, or in ad- 
hering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. 

No person shall be convicted of treason unless on 
the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt 
act, or on confession in open court. 

The Congress shall have power to declare the 
punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason 
shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except 
during the life of the person attainted. 

ARTICLE IV. 

Section 1. Full faith and credit shall be given 
in each State to j he pul)lic acts, records, and judicial 
proceedings of every other State; and the Congress 
nuiy by general laws prescribe the manner in which 
such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, 
and the effect thereof. 

Sec. 2. The citizens of each State shall be en- 
titled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in 
the several States. 

A person charged in any State with treason, felony , 



154 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

or other crime, who shall liee from justice, and be 
found in another State, shall, on demand of the ex- 
ecutive authority of the State from which he fled be 
delivered up to be removed to the State having juris- 
diction of the crime. 

No person held to service or labor in one State, 
under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, 
in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be 
discharged from such service or labor, but shall be 
delivered up on claim of the party to whom such 
service or labor may be due. 

Sec. 3. New States may be admitted by the Con- 
gress into this Union; but no new State shall be 
formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any 
other State ; nor any State be formed by the junction 
of two or more States, or parts of States, without the 
consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned, 
as well as of the Congress. 

The Congress shall have power to dispose of and 
make all needful rules and regulations respecting 
the territory or other property belonging to the 
United States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall 
be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the 
United States, or of any particular State. 

Sec. 4. The United States shall guarantee to 



UNITKD STATES OOVKKNMKNT. 155 

every State in tliis Union a rej)ubli(an fonn of gov- 
ernment, and shall i)rotert each of them against in- 
vasion, and on a])j)li(ation of the Legishiture, or of 
the executive (when the Legislature cannot be con- 
vened) against domestic violence. 

ARTICLE V. 

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both liouses 
shall deem it necessary, shall i)ropose amendments 
to this Constitution, or, on the ajjplicatiott of the 
Ij<'gisla,ture8 of two-thirds of the s«^veral States, shall 
call a convention for ])ro})osing amendments, which, 
in either case, shall be valid to all intents and jmr- 
})Oses, as part of this Constitution, when ratilied by 
the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several 
States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as 
the one or the other mode of ratification may be 
proposed by the Congress ; provided that no amend- 
ment which may be made prior to the year one 
thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any man- 
ner aftect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth 
section of the first article; nnd that no State, \\'ith- 
out its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suf- 
frage in the Senate. 

ARTICLE VI. 

All debts contracted, and engagements entered 



156 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

into before the adoption of this Constitution, shall 
be as valid against the United States under this 
Constitution as under the confederation. 

This Constitution, and the laws of the United 
States which shall be made in pursuance thereof; 
and all treaties made, or which shall be made, un- 
der the authority of the United States, shall be the 
supreme law of the land; and the judges in every 
State shall be bound thereby, anything in the Con- 
stitution or laws of any State to the contrary not- 
withstanding. 

The senators and representatives before men- 
tioned, and the members of the several State Legis- 
latures, and all executive and judicial officers, both 
of the United States and of the several States, shall 
be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Con- 
stitution ; but no religious test shall ever be required 
as a qualification to any office or public trust under 
the United States. 

ARTICLE vn. 

The ratification of the conventions of nine States 
shall be sufficient for the establishment of this 
Constitution between the States so ratifying the 
same. 



UNITED STATES OOVEUNMENT. 157 



DoiK^ in convention, by the unanimous consent of 
the States pr<'sent, the seventeentli day of Sept^^m- 
])er, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven 
liundn^l and eighty-seven, and of tlie independence 
of tlie United States of America the twelfth. 

In witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed 
our names. 

( f ?:OR« K \V A S 1 1 1 N ( i in N , 

President, aufl 1)' >nil >i fmn, Virginia, 

(SigiKMl bv I).-i)iiti.'H from all the >tai.-H, -x- .pT ..immI.. Inland.) 



158 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 



ARTICLES 

IN ADDITION TO AND AMENDMENT OF THE 

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, 

Proposed by Congress, and Ratified by the Legislatures 

OF THE Several States, Pursuant to the Fifth 

Article of the Original Constitution. 

AETICLE. I. 

Congress shall make no law respecting an es- 
tablishment of religion, or prohibiting the free ex- 
ercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of speech, 
or of the press ; or of the right of the people peacea- 
bly to assemble, and to petition the government for 
a redress of grievances. 

ARTICLE II. 

A well regulated militia being necessary to the 
security of a free State, the right of the people to 
keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. 

ARTICLE III. 

No soldier shall in time of peace, be quartered 
in any house without the consent of the owner, nor 
in time of war but in a manner to be prescribed by 
law. 



UNITED KTATKS OOVEKXMENT. 159 

AKTICLE IV. 

The right of the pec)})le to be secure in their per- 
sona, houses, papers, and eff'crts, against unreasona- 
ble searches and s«MZun\s, shall not hr violated, and 
no warrants shall issue, but upon ])robable catise, 
8uj)ported by oath or aflirniation, and particularly 
describing the* place to ])e searched, and the persons 
or things to be seized. 

ARTICLE V. 

No person shall be held to answer for a capital or 
otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment 
or indictment of a grand Jury, except in cases aris- 
ing in tlie land or naval forces, or in the militia when 
in actual service in time of war or pul)lic danger; 
nor shall any person be subject for the same offense 
to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall 
be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness 
against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or 
property, without due process of law; nor shall 
private propertj' be taken for public use without 
just compensation. 

ARTICLE VL 

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall en- 
joy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an 



160 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

impartial j uiy of the State and district wherein the 
crime shall have been committed, which district 
shall have been previously ascertained by law, and 
to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusa- 
tion ; to be confronted with the witnesses against 
him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining 
witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance 
of counsel for his defense. 

ARTICLE VII. 

In suits at common law, where the value in con- 
troversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of 
trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by 
a jury shall be otherwise reexamined in any court 
of the United States than according to the rules of 
the common law. 

ARTICLE VIII. 

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive 
fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments 
inflicted. 

ARTICLE IX. 

The enumeration in the Constiution, of certain 
rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage 
others retained by the people. 



UNITKI) STATES (iOVEKNMENT. KM 



AKTICLK X. 

The powers not delegated to tlir* United States by 
the Constitution, nor i)rohibited ])y it to the States, 
ire reserved to the States respectively, or to the 
peoj)le. 

NoTi:— Tin' fiiHt ten nmondnipnte to thf Constitution ot th<» 
rnit^il Stnt4'H wen* propowd to tho W'giHlatun'H of th<» Hr>voml 
SttitoH by tho F'irHt Congrow, on the 25th o! SpptemtKT, M^^.K 

ARTICLE XI. 

The judicial power of the United States shall 
not be construed to extend to any suit in law or 
ecpiity conunenced or prosecuted against one of 
the United States by citizens of another State, or 
by citizens or subjects of any foreign State. 

NoTi:— Th<* ••Icvcnth jniirndniont to tho Constitution of the 
I'liitod StntoH wuh proponrd t<» tho li^jifislnturos of the wvoml 
St jit<?H by tho Tliird ( ongrcHH, on tho r»th <»f Soptember, 1704 ; nnd 
uMsdoohirod in a niossngo from tho Prosidont to Congretw dntod 
tho Htli of .Tiinnnry, 1708, to liavo boon rntifie<I by the logiHlnturce 
of thnH^-foiirths of tho Stnt^'s. 

ARTICLE XIL 

The electors shall meet in their respective States, 
and vote by ballot for President and Vice-Presi- 
dent, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabi- 
tant of the same State with themselves ; they shall 



162 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

name in their ballots the persons voted for as Presi- 
dent, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as 
Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists 
of all persons voted for as President, and of all per- 
sons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number 
of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certi- 
fy, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government 
of the United States, directed to the president of the 
Senate ; — The president of the Senate shall, in pres- 
ence of the Senate and House of Representatives, 
open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be 
counted ; — The person having the greatest number 
of votes for President, shall be the President, if 
such number be a majority of the whole number 
of electors appointed ; and if no person have such 
majority, then from the persons having the highest 
numbers not exceeding three on the list of those 
voted for as President, the House of Representatives 
shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. 
But in choosing the President, the votes shall be 
taken by States, the representation from each State 
having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall 
consist of a member or members from two-thirds of 
the States and a majority of all the States shall be 
necessary to a choice. And if the House of Repre- 
sentatives shall not choose a President, whenever the 



UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. 103 

ri^lit of clioico shall devolve upon them, before the 
fourth (lay of March next following, th(*n the Vice- 
President shall art as President, as in the case of 
the death or other constitutional disability of the 
President. The person having the greatest num- 
ber of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice- 
Preisident, if sucli number be a majority of the 
whole number of electors appointed; and if no 
jMMsou have a majority, then from the two highest 
numbers on the list the Senate shall choose the 
X'ice-President ; a (juorum for the j)urpose shall 
consist of two-thirds of the whole number of sen- 
ators, and a majority of the whole number sliall 
be necessary to a choice, liut no person constitu- 
tionally ineligible to the office of President shall be 
('legible to that of Vice-President of the United 
States. 

NoTi:— Tln' twolfth aiin'iulnuMit to tho CoiiHtitutinn of thoTnited 
Stulcs was jjfopostHl to tho h'j^islutun'H of the w'VtTal Statw* bj' 
llio Eij2:lith C'oiiiJjnvss, on tlio 12th of IXvemlxT, 1803, in lieu of the 
orifxiiial third paragraph of thi» first station of the eecond article: 
and was dtrland in a ])ro(laniation of the Stvn^tar.v of State 
dat<'d th(» 25th of S<»pt4'mber, 1804, to have been ratified by the 
U^gislaturee of three-fourths of the States. 

ARTICLE XIII. 

Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servi- 



164 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

tude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the 
party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist 
within the United States, or any place subject to 
their j urisdiction. 

Sec. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this 
Article by appropriate legislation. 

Note— The Thirteenth amendment to the Constitution of the 
United States was proposed to the legislatures of the several 
States by the Thirty-eighth Congress, on the 1st of February, 
1865, and was declared in a proclamatiom of the Secretary of 
State, dated the 18th of December, 1865, to have been ratified 
by the legislatures of twenty-seven of the thirty-six States. 

ARTICLE XIV. 

Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the 
United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, 
are citizens of the United States and of the State 
wherein they reside. No State shall make or en- 
force any law which shall abridge the privileges or 
immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor 
shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, 
or property, without due process of law ; nor deny to 
any person within its jurisdiction the equal protec- 
tion of the laws. 

Sec. 2. Representatives shall be appointed among 
the several States according to their respective num- 



UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. 165 



bers, counting the whole number of persons in each 
State, exchiding Indians not taxed. But when the 
right to vote at any election for tlie choice of elect- 
ors for President and Vice-President of the United 
States, representatives in Congress, the executive 
and judicial officers of a State, or the members of 
Mi(i legislature ther<*of, is denied to any of the 
male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one 
years of age and a citizen of the United States, or in 
any way abridged, except for participation in rebel- 
lion or other crime, the basis of representation there- 
in shall be reduced in the proportion which the 
number of such male citizens shall bear to the 
whole number of male citizens twenty-one years 
of age in said SUite. 

Sec. 3. No person shall be a Senator or Repre- 
sentative in Congress, or Elector, or President, or 
Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, 
under the United States, or under any State, who 
having previously taken an oath as a member of 
Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as 
a member of any State Legishiture, or as an execu- 
tive or judicial officer of any State, to support the 
Constitution of the United States, shall have en- 
gaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, 
or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof ; but 



166 A SCHOOL MANUAL OF THE 

Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, 
remove such disability. 

Sec. 4. The validity of the public debt of the 
United States, authorized by law, including debts 
incurred for payment of pensions and bounties, for 
services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, 
shall not be questioned ; but neither the United 
States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt 
or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or re- 
bellion against the United States, or any claim for 
the loss or emancipation of any slave. But all 
such debts, obligations, and claims, shall be held 
illegal and void. 

Sec. 5. The Congress shall have power to en- 
force, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of 
this Article. 

Note— The fourteenth amendment to the Constitution of the 
United States was proposed to the legislatures of the several 
States bj the Thirty-Ninth Congress, on the 16th of June, 1866, 
and on the 28th of July, 1868, was declared by proclamation of 
the Secretary of State to have been ratified by thirty of the thirty- 
six States. 

AKTICLE XV. 

Section 1. The right of the citizens of the United 
States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by 



UNITED STATES 00V?:RNMKN' 



1«7 



tln3 United States, or by any St^ite, on ac((»uiii <»l 
race, color, or i)revioiis condition of servitude. 

Sk(;. 2. The Congress shall have power to en- 

r<»r<(' lliis Article by approjmate legislation. 

f^OTK— Tin* flftconth iinH'iulnu'iil to tho C'onBtitution ol the 
United Statf^H wjih pr<)[H)w<l to tho loj^inlnturoK of tho Hoveml 
StutPH by th«? Fortieth Coii^n'RH, on tho 27th of February, 1809, 
iikI wiiH (lo(lan'<l, in u prodaiimtioii of tho SnTPtnry of Stnto, 
i\n\ri\ Manh .'JOlh, 1S70, to havo Ix"*'!! ratiflwl by ti- i.f'-lMti.r.-^ 
of twonty-nine of tho thirty -«<.'Von Stut-OH. 





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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



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